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  3. The questions of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this

The questions of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this

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问题     The questions of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities (统一体，实体) directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another.
    Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals of groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy (占有) of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
    Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper (繁荣); the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and this leads to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competitions are.
The passage is probably intended to answer the question "______".
选项 A、Is war inevitable?
B、Why is there conflict and competition?
C、Is conflict desirable?
D、Can competition lead to conflict?
答案A
解析 本题是一道综合归纳类问题。问本文可能是要回答什么问题的。利用浏览式阅读法通读全文，我们发现文章一开始作者写道，战争能否避免已成为许多伟大作家关心的问题，但在回答这一问题之前要首先弄清几个概念。在文章的结尾处，作者终于给出了答案：虽然竞争不能避免，但战争是可以避免的。因此，本文实际上对“战争是否不可避免”做了回答。所以，本题的正确答案应是A。
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