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  3. Ifs a brave man who claims "genius in science has become extinct". But that’s exactly what psychologist Dean Keith Simonton decl

Ifs a brave man who claims "genius in science has become extinct". But that’s exactly what psychologist Dean Keith Simonton decl

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问题     Ifs a brave man who claims "genius in science has become extinct". But that’s exactly what psychologist Dean Keith Simonton declared in Nature magazine. By this, he meant that neither the creation of a totally new discipline nor a revolution in scientific thought was likely to be forthcoming as the result of the work of a future lone heroic genius. If such radical developments were to occur, they would emerge from the work of large teams, he argued. Thus the world was unlikely to produce a further Newton, Einstein or Darwin and he saw this as a tragic failing.
    I tend to agree with his analysis of how future discoveries will be made, with the possible exception of purely theoretical challenges; think of Andrew Wiles and his proof of Fermafs last theorem as one exception that proves the rule. But for experimental sciences, a lone researcher transforming the world is harder to imagine. No individual can sit down at a bench and nail down the existence of the Higgs boson; the Large Hadron Collider is needed with its concomitant community of researchers. The heroic genius was always something of a myth, convenient shorthand to make it easier to make a narrative out of the act of discovery; an exciting tale, but not a very accurate depiction of how science and scientists operate. Newton wrote; "If I have seen a little further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants", recognising that his discoveries did not come about in isolation. Why should discovery need to be the work of a single mind to make it exciting? It will be just as important whether it is the product of one brain or one thousand.
    Concentrating on the brilliance of an individual is to falsify the nature of most scientific research and mislead the aspiring scientist as to how discoveries are usually made. Why should it be attractive to the young to believe they need to be solitary workers—the white-coated, wild-haired researcher of too many films -if they are to succeed? Some scientists might fit that picture, but far fewer than you’d believe from their media portrayals and ifs an image likely to be off-putting to many.
    Science progresses because people become expert in what is already known and then debate, argue, try something out and then something else when the first doesn’t fit. It progresses because people reject or refine hypotheses as they learn about colleagues’ and rivals’ work and because people both share ideas and compete. Out of such endeavours novel ideas emerge and new fields develop.
    Perhaps there will be more geniuses in the future, perhaps not. Science will always attract people with astonishing minds. But these will never be as important as the broader social structures of science, let alone as important as they think they are. Fundamentally, what matters is that, as a society, we continue to push at the boundaries of scientific knowledge in whatever way is appropriate for the challenge in hand.
By citing Newton, the author intends to convey the idea that______.
选项 A、heroic geniuses are usually quite modest
B、the act of discovery is complex and difficult to describe
C、the story of a single genius is often inspiring
D、discovery is always the result of collective wisdom
答案D
解析 第二段第二、三句指出，在实验科学领域，科学家单枪匹马很难改变世界，没有人能够独立完成大型项目，科学家必须依靠团队合作。第四句又指出，英雄式天才向来具有神话色彩，并不是对科学工作的精准描述。然后援引牛顿的话证明，他的发现也是建立在前人研究的基础之上，并非一己之力。由此可见，作者援引牛顿的话是为了证明，实验科学需要合众人之力方能取得重大突破。[D]选项符合文意。
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