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  3. Hostility to Gypsies has existed almost from the time they first appeared in Europe in the 14th century. The origins of the Gyps

Hostility to Gypsies has existed almost from the time they first appeared in Europe in the 14th century. The origins of the Gyps

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问题     Hostility to Gypsies has existed almost from the time they first appeared
in Europe in the 14th century. The origins of the Gypsies, with little writing (1)______
history, were shrouded in mystery.
    Which is known now from clues in the various dialects of their lan- (2)______
guage, Romany, is that they came from northern India to the Middle East a
thousand years ago, work as minstrels and mercenaries, metal smiths and (3)______
servants. Europeans misnamed them Egyptians, soon shortened to Gypsies.
A clan system, based mostly on their traditional crafts and geography, has
made them a deeply fragmented and fractious people, only really unifying
in the face of enemy from non-Gypsies,whom they call gadje. Today many (4)______
Gypsy activists prefer to be called Roma, that comes from the Romany word (5)______
for "man". But on my travels among them most still referred themselves as (6)______
Gypsies.
    In Europe their prosecution by the gadje began quickly, with the church (7)______
seeing heresy in their fortune-telling and the state seeing anti-social behave
iour in their nomadism. At various time they have been forbidden to wear (8)______
their distinctive bright clothes, to speak their own language, to travel, to
marry one another, or to ply their traditional crafts. In some countries they
were reduced to slavery—it was until the mid-1800s that Gypsy slaves were (9)______
freed in Romania. In more recent times the Gypsies were caught up in Nazi
ethnic hysteria, and perhaps half a million perished in the Holocaust. Their
horses have been shot and the wheels removed from their wagons, their
names have been changed, their women have been sterilized, and their chil
dren have been forcibly given for adopting to non-Gypsy families. (10)______
(9)
选项
答案∧ until — not
解析 如果想表示“直到……(何时)才……”的意思时，只能用“not．．．until”结构，不能只用“until”。
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