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  3. Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be cal

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be cal

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问题     Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the "relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference," or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’ s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradi- tion emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’ s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its at- tendant responsibilities.
    Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still pre-dominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to em- phasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.
    Relational arguments have a major pitfall : because they underline women’ s physiological and psychological distinc- tiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.
According to the passage, relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that
选项 A、individual human rights take precedence over most other social claims.
B、the gender-based division of labor in society should be eliminated.
C、laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender should be passed.
D、a greater degree of social awareness concerning the importance of motherhood would be beneficial to society.
E、the same educational and economic opportunities should be available to both sexes.
答案E
解析 关系式、个人式主张都同意哪一点?A．个人权利比大多数其他社会主张更优先。这是个人式主张。B．应消除基于性别的社会分工。同上。C．不论性别平等对待公民的法律应该被通过。同上。关系式主张认为在家庭上应给妇女“special treatment”L44—51。D．重视母亲利益对社会有利。关系式主张。E．正确。两性应得到同等教育和经济机会。个人式主张彻底平等，当然会同意此观点，关系式主张见原文L41—44。
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