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  3. Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it h

Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it h

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问题     Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.
    To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients(营养成分)captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.
    Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safer and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat(栖息地)loss and to diminishing biodiversity.
    What’s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.
    All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be "zero impact" . The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.
    Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons(正反两方面)of all the various ways land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon cost of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.
    What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.  
Specialisation and the effort to increase yields have resulted in______.
选项 A、localised pollution.
B、the shrinking of farmland
C、competition from overseas
D、the decrease of biodiversity
答案D
解析 事实细节题。根据题干“Specialisation and the effort to increase yields”定位在文章第3段的第2、3、4句。题目问的是农业生产专门化及大量提高产量会带来什么样的后果。文中提到由于产量的加大，使得食物较之以前更加便宜、安全，但是也导致了生物栖息地和生物种类的减少，故选D项。A项“当地污染”，这是中世纪的情况，而非工业化以后；B项“农田的减少”，是对文中habitat设置的干扰项；C项“来自国外的竞争”，这是原因不是结果。
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