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  3. Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers— women earning

Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers— women earning

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问题     Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers— women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid "women’ s work" in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipatory in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less pro- found than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.
    To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s "real" aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be per- ceived as "female. "
    More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as "female," employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even the most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the "male" jobs that women had been permitted to master.
According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was
选项 A、greatly diminished by labor mobilization during the Second World War.
B、perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’ s employment in wage labor.
C、one means by which women achieved greater job security.
D、reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantages were obvious.
E、a constant source of labor unrest in the young textile industry.
答案B
解析 工作中性别歧视在美国有哪个特点?A．很大程度上被二战时情况弱化了。说反了，二战时此点仍很严重。见L53—58。B．正确。被那些赞成雇用妇女的作坊主永久化了。见原文L25—35的例证。C．妇女借此获得更多工作保护。无。D．除非有经济利益，雇主不愿改变它。原文L49—53，有经济利益也不愿改变。E．总成为纺织业不变的来源。无。
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