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  3. The following two excerpts are about free speech on the Internet which has been the subject of controversy since the birth of th

The following two excerpts are about free speech on the Internet which has been the subject of controversy since the birth of th

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问题    The following two excerpts are about free speech on the Internet which has been the subject of controversy since the birth of the Internet. From the excerpts, you can find that urgent calls for Internet censorship are justified to some degree but there have also been doubt and criticism about this issue.
   Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should:
   1.   summarize the different responses about free speech on the Internet and their reasons, and then
   2.  express your opinion towards free speech on the Internet, especially whether the implementation of Internet censorship will undermine the worth of the Internet.
   Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
   Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.
   Excerpt 1
                              The Muzzle Grows Tighter
   Lately, Internet censorship has been the subject of great controversy. Certain individuals feel as though the Internet should be governmentally regulated and censored in order to protect the youth of America. On the other hand, the regulation of material on the Internet would, in fact, violate the right to free speech and expression.
   In essence, governmental censorship means it would primarily attempt to stop an unintentional effect of certain speech or expression on the Internet; in other words, the government would be opposing the idea of individualism in society.
   When controlling what people read or view, whether in a book or on a computer monitor, the government limits people’s ideas and their thought capacities. Frederick Schauer, a law professor stated " Freedom of speech meant not only freedom from any form of governmental control, but also freedom from private social pressures that could also inhibit thought and opinion". As citizens of the United States, individuals have the right to be free from governmental control that inhibits thoughts, ideas, and free expression.
   Every individual in America has the right to read or view whatever book or magazine they choose. How should this be different from viewing the same type of material on the Internet? The Internet is an interactive experience in which the user selects what he or she will view. Also, Internet technology does not allow people who post information to control those receive it.  Overall, the Internet is an extremely different form of media, but that fact should not subject it to different censorship laws.
   Excerpt 2
   
                                Internet Censorship
   China has defended its right to censor the Internet in a document showing the government’s attitude towards the web. It says the country has the right to govern the Internet according to its own rules inside its borders.
   The white paper also reveals just how fast the Internet has developed in China in the past 16 years since it was first connected. By 2015,the country had 6,88 billion Internet users.
   The white paper, released on Tuesday, called the Internet "a crystallization of human wisdom". But in the document the government lays out some of the reasons why its citizens cannot get access to all of that wisdom.
   It says it wants to curb the harmful effects of illegal information on state security, public interests and children.
   " Laws and regulations clearly prohibit the spread of information that contains content subverting state power, undermining national unity or infringing upon national honor and interests," it says.
   Websites, blogs and information deemed sensitive by the Chinese government is routinely blocked using a range of technological tools, dubbed the Great Firewall of China.
   The country’s state secrets law has just been amended in a way that makes Internet and telecommunications firms now responsible for helping the government police the web.
   In another section, China reaffirms its determination to govern the Internet within its borders according to its own rules.
   "Within Chinese territory the Internet is under the jurisdiction of Chinese sovereignty. The Internet sovereignty of China should be respected and protected," it says.
   It adds that foreign individuals and firms can use the Internet in China, but they must abide by the country’s laws.
选项
答案 On Internet Censorship Against Free Speech on the Internet Lately, Internet censorship against free speech on the Internet has been the subject of great controversy. Those who oppose the harsh censorship think that it is a violation of free speech and expression protected by the law. The advocates, the Chinese government for example, argue that it is national duty to curb the harmful effects of illegal information spread over the Internet whose sovereignty must be protected. Personally, we should take a holistic approach to this issue. In a sense, we are living in a golden age of free speech where our smartphones can connect us with the other side of the world within seconds and our access to Wikipedia leads us into a digital heaven. Thanks to free speech, the bedrock of liberty, we can bask in the reservoir of information. Besides our conveniences to absorb knowledge, free speech necessitates itself in another two aspects. Firstly, it is the best defense against bad government. As an old saying goes: " To err is human", politicians who err should be open to unfettered criticism which helps them understand how their policies misfire. Authoritarian powers lock themselves in a deadlock where they may go as blind as a bat. Secondly, free debate sorts good ideas from bad ones. Science cannot develop unless old certainties are questioned. Ill-informed statistics misguide leaders into wrong policymaking. In a word, as Amartya Sen, a Nobel laureate, has pointed out: " No democracy with a free press has experienced a major famine. " However, it is still necessary to differentiate free speech for the purpose of debate from the discussions intended to insult, discriminate or inflame illegal passions. Mouthy yet non-violent dissidents may be pardoned and spared but information aimed at breaching national security, inciting violence, or offending other with ill intentions must be censored. Hopefully, in the rough-and-tumble world of the Internet as well as in the real world, we should, first and foremost, still consider respect and tolerance of different opinions as a virtue.
解析    本题讨论的是网络言论自由这个话题。选段1认为人们在不同媒介包括网络上都应该有言论表达自由权；选段2认为出于一些原因的考虑，迫切需要对网络言论自由实行审查制度，但一些人对此做法也提出了质疑和批评。本题要求首先概括人们对网络言论自由的不同观点及原因，然后提出自己的观点，尤其要对网络审查制度的实行是否会影响网络建立的初衷进行讨论。
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