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  3. Fish are slippery characters, with little regard for international agreements or borders. The speediest can slice through the oc

Fish are slippery characters, with little regard for international agreements or borders. The speediest can slice through the oc

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问题    Fish are slippery characters, with little regard for international agreements or borders. The speediest can slice through the ocean at 70 kilometers per hour. 【F1】Their routes take them beyond areas that come under the administration of individual coastal states, and into the high sea. These wildernesses were once a shelter for migratory species. No longer.
   Under international law the high seas, which span 64% of the surface of the ocean, are defined as "the common heritage of mankind". This definition might have provided enough protection if the high seas were still beyond mankind’s reach. But the arrival of better trawlers and mapping capabilities over the past six decades has marked the beginning of a fishing free-for-all. 【F2】Deprived of a chance to build themselves up again, stocks everywhere pay the price: almost 90% are fished either to sustainable limits or beyond.
   Introducing private property rights is the classic answer to this "tragedy of the commons". That is the principle behind the exclusive rights given to coastal states to maintain territorial waters. Several regional organizations have been set up to try to manage fish stocks in the high seas. But as a result of overlapping areas of responsibility, vested interests and insufficient data, the damage continues quickly.
   A fresh approach is needed. Cutting fishing subsidies is the most urgent step. In total these come to $30 billion a year, 70% of which are doled out by richer countries. By reducing fuel costs, subsidies bring the high seas within reach for a few lucky trawlers, largely from the developed world. 【F3】Just ten countries, including America, France, and Spain, received the bulk of the bounty from high-seas catches between 2000 and 2010, even though Africa has more fishermen than Europe and the Americas combined. That is unfair and short-sighted.
   The next step is to close off more areas to fishing. As of two years ago less than 1% of the high seas enjoyed a degree of legal protection. 【F4】A review of 144 studies suggests that to preserve and restore ecosystem, 30% of the oceans should be designated as "marine protected areas". Individual countries can play their part, by creating reserves within territorial waters. But to get anywhere near that 30% share, mechanisms must be found to close off bits of the high seas, too.
   【F5】Progress towards even these limited goals, let alone more ambitious ones such as a total ban on high-seas fishing, will not be easy; the fishing industry is adept at protecting its interests. So in parallel with efforts to protect wild stocks, another push is needed: to encourage, the development of the controlled fanning of fish.
【F3】
选项
答案虽然非洲拥有的渔民比欧洲和美洲加起来还要多，但在2000年和20lO年间，包括美国、法国及西班牙在内的仅十个国家从公海捕捞的鱼却占了公海捕捞量的大部分。
解析 ①本句为主从复合句。第一个逗号之后的成分including America，France，and Spain可视为插入语，举例说明ten countries包括的国家。②主句中the bulk of为量词，意为“大部分的”。bounty字面义为“奖金；收成；丰富”，结合此句语境，这里意为“在公海捕鱼的收成”。③even though引导让步状语从句，包含比较级结构more fishermen than…combined，把非洲的渔民数量与欧美总和作比较。分词combined作后置定语修饰Europe and the Americas，意为“把欧洲的和美洲的加起来”。
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