Summary Listen to the passage. For questions 26—30, complete the notes using no more than three words for each blank. A British

Summary
Listen to the passage. For questions 26—30, complete the notes using no more than three words for each blank.
The notion that geniuses such as Shakespeare, Mozart, and Picasso were "gifted" or possessed innate talents is a myth, according to a study by a British psychologist. After examining outstanding performances in the arts and sports, researchers concluded that excellence is determined by opportunities , encouragement, training motivation, self-confidence, and—most of all—practice. The theory has been applauded by academics worldwide. It has significant implications for teachers and parents, not least because children who are not thought to be gifted are being denied the encouragement they need to succeed. However, studies of accomplished artists and mathematicians, top tennis players and swimmers reported few early signs of promise prior to parental encouragement. No case was found of anyone reaching the highest levels of achievement without devoting thousands of hours to serious training. Even those who were believed to be exceptionally talented required lengthy periods of instruction and practice. Opponents of this theory said practice and other factors were no doubt important contributors to outstanding performance, but not enough to explain great creative works. In the words of David Feldman and Tamar Katzir of Tufts University, Massachusetts, "Talent is essential. "