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  3. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

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问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知 学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. "
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______
选项 A、rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B、punishment is more effective than rewarding
C、failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D、discouraging the students’ anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
答案A
解析 本题是一道依据文章中的细节进行推断类问题。问从文章中我们可以推断出许多大学试图严格他们的评分标准是因为他们相信什么。根据文章第四段的主要内容，首先，艾森伯格赞成用奖励的办法；其次，他主张奖其所值，不能无条件地施予奖励。文章中的The latter point指的是后一种观点，即要奖其所值，不能无条件地施予奖励。因此，本题的正确答案应是A“各主要大学正设法严格评分标准是因为他们认同奖励欠佳的学业表现会扼杀学生的创造力这一观点”。
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