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Wherever people have been, they have left waste behind, which can cause all sorts of problems. Waste often stinks, attracts verm

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问题     Wherever people have been, they have left waste behind, which can cause all sorts of problems. Waste often stinks, attracts vermin and creates eyesores. More seriously, it can release harmful chemicals into the soil and water when dumped, or into the air when burned. And then there are some really nasty forms of industrial waste, such as spent nuclear fuel, for which no universally accepted disposal methods’ have thus far been developed.
    Yet many also see waste as an opportunity. Getting rid of it all has become a huge global business. Rich countries spend some $120 billion a year disposing of their municipal waste alone and another $150 billion on industrial waste. The amount of waste that countries produce tends to grow in tandem with their economies, and especially with the rate of urbanization. So waste firms see a rich future in places such as China, India and Brazil, which at present spend only about $5 billion a year collecting and treating their municipal waste.
    Waste also presents an opportunity in a grander sense: as a potential resource. Much of it is already burned to generate energy. Clever new technologies to turn it into fertiliser or chemicals or fuel are being developed all the time. Visionaries see a world without waste, with rubbish being routinely recycled.
    Until last summer such views were spreading quickly. But since then plummeting prices for virgin paper, plastic and fuels, and hence also for the waste that substitutes for them, have put an end to such visions. Many of the recycling firms that had argued rubbish was on the way out now say that unless they are given financial help, they themselves will disappear.
    Subsidies are a bad idea. Governments have a role to play in the business of waste management, but it is a regulatory and supervisory one. They should oblige people who create waste to clean up after themselves and ideally ensure that the price of any product reflects the cost of disposing of it safely. That would help to signal which items are hardest to get rid of, giving consumers an incentive to buy goods that create less waste in the first place.
    That may sound simple enough, but governments seldom get the rules right. In poorer countries they often have no rules at all, or if they have them they fail to enforce them. In rich countries they are often inconsistent: too strict about some sorts of waste and worryingly lax about others. They are also prone to imposing arbitrary targets and taxes. California, for example, wants to recycle all its trash not because it necessarily makes environmental or economic sense but because the goal of “zero waste” sounds politically attractive.
What’s the main idea of the first paragraph?
选项 A、Waste is everywhere.
B、Waste is very harmful.
C、Waste should be treated universally.
D、Waste can be an opportunity.
答案B
解析 主旨大意题。在英文文章中，首句往往是段落的中心句。第一段首句便提出，垃圾引发各种的问题；接着，二、三句介绍了垃圾的具体害处；最后一句谈到，一些非常危险的工业垃圾还没有通行的处理办法。由此可见，该段主要谈论的是垃圾的harm，故[B]正确。首段并没有详细介绍到处都是垃圾的情景，只是提到有人到的地方，垃圾就会产生，故排除[A]；[C]是对首段尾句的错误理解，最后一句只提到还没有通行的处理办法，而并非是对全文的总结；[D]是第二、三段的内容，故不选。
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