首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Introduction Linguistics has both practical and philosophical motivations. So both, the first and second editions of this tex
Introduction Linguistics has both practical and philosophical motivations. So both, the first and second editions of this tex
admin
2013-04-13
75
问题
Introduction
Linguistics has both practical and philosophical motivations. So both,
the first and second editions of this text were directed toward students of 【1】_______.
many 【1】________. This third edition continues and further develops this approach.
We have aimed to dispel a number of myths about language and to
discuss the various aspects of language from both an 【2】_____and cur- 【2】_______.
rent point of view. Part one is “The Nature of Human Language. “Then we
discuss speech sounds or 【3】_______and includes a passage on machines 【3】_______.
that “talk” and “understand”.
On phonology we demonstrate how sounds form 【4】______. Because 【4】_______.
of this, written forms of language are very late in the history of human lan-
guage. Then we discuss other 【5】_______ aspects of language how words 【5】_______.
are formed; what words, phrases, and sentences mean; and how words are
put together to form’ sentences. Morphology, semantics, syntax are very im-
portant in our discussion and take an important role.
In “Social Aspects of Language, “we consider language in 【6】______ 【6】_______.
and how languages change over time. In “The 【7】_________ Aspects of Lan- 【7】_______.
guage, “we talk about child language, animal communication systems and 【8】_______.
brain 【8】_________ underlying language knowledge and use.
Also, the 【9】________ languages of the deaf are discussed in greater 【9】_______.
detail. The newest findings on whether chimpanzees and gorillas can learn
language are presented. In every lesson the 【10】 underlying the di- 【10】_______.
versity of phenomena observed in human language are highlighted.
【4】
Introduction
Since antiquity interest in linguistis-the study and science of human language--has had both practical and philosophical motivations. From a practical side, linguistics can provide a theoretical basis for variety of practical applications. To name a few, these applications include the treatment of language disorders such as aphasia or reading problems the planning of "language arts" curricula in the schools, the fight against illiterarcy in many nations of the world, the development of automatic, computer-generated speech productional recognition, the learning of foreign languages, and the simplification of legal language. Philosophical interests have also spurred language study, because from earliest times language has been considered a mirror of the mind.
For these reasons both the first and second editions of this text were directed toward students of many disciplines. This book is used in courses for nonlinguisties as well as linguistics students, for major in computer science and English, in speech pathology and anthropology, in communications studies and philosophy. This third edition continues and further develops this approach, h does, however, reflect new thinking is the field as well as a reorganization of material.
We have aimed to dispel a number of myths about language and to discuss the various aspects of language from both an historical and current point of view. Part One, lesson one, "The Nature of Human language," is concerned with questions such as: What is language? What is a grammar? What is the origin of language?
What it is you know when you know English, Zulu, Twi, Cherokee, Eskimu, Spanish, Russian, and any other language is examined in Lesson Two, "Grammatical Aspects of language." Lesson 2 discusses speech sounds or phonetics and it includes an expanded section on machines that "talk" and "understand." Lesson 3 on phonology demonstrates how sounds form pattens. Lesson 5 shows that written forms of language arose very late in the history of human language. Lesson 4,6, and 7 discuss other grammatical aspects of language--how words are formed (morphology);what words, phrases, and sentences mean (semantics); and how words are put together to form sentences syntax. These lessons have been substantially revised since the second edition. Although a formal descrptive apparatus is still included, it receives less emphasis; distinction between phonetic and phonemic segments and phonological and morphophonemic rules are clarified ;and the section on pragmatics is enlarged.
Lessons 8 and 9 of Part Three, "Social Aspects of Language," considering language in society and how languages change over time. Some of the questions raised in this part are: Why are there many languages and how are they related? How and why do languages change? Are some languages or dialects superior to others? Is there any hope for a universal language? Can language be "obscene" or "sexist"?
Part Four, "The Biological Aspects of Language," includes Lesson 10 on child language, Lesson 11 on animal communication systems, and lesson 12 on brain mechanisms underlying language knowledge and use. These lessons have been expanded considerably. The sign language of the deaf, especially AMESLAN (American Sign Language), are discussed in greater detail. The newest findings on whether Chimpanzees and gorillas can learn language are presented, as are the latest techniques for brain and language studies. In every lesson the universals underlying the diversity of phenomena observed in human language are highlighted.
As in the previous editions basic ideas rather than a de- tailed exposition of the grammar of English or any other language have been primarily concerned with. The text assumes no previous knowledge on the part of the students and aims at stimulating the students to further investigate language, this incredibly complex, unique human ability. Toward this goal a short list of references is given at the end of each lesson. Also included are exercises ranging in difficulty and type to enhance the students’ interest in and comprehension of the textual material.
We have had enormous help from friends, colleagues, students, teaching assistants, instructors who assigned the text to their classes, and reviewers. We wish to convey our profound gratitude to all of the individuals who provided feedback, criticisms, corrections, and suggestions. We continue to be especially grateful to the thousands of students who have listened to our lectures, questioned our concepts, completed our assignments, and in these and other ways helped us to rewrite this book.
选项
答案
patterns
解析
“patterns”为“ways in which sth happens, moves,develops or is arranged”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/Sm4O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Currenteconomichardshipshavehadwhatiscalledinconstitutionallawa"disparateimpact":Thecrisishasnotafflictedever
Whereveranythinghappensintheworld,reportersofnewspapersareonthespottospreadthenews.
PrimeMinisterRecepTayyipErdoganexpressedTurkey’sgratitudetotheFrenchlegislatorswhoappealedforthecourt,sayingth
Thethinkerorphilosopherstoodapartawaythismundaneworld,wherethepracticalartsappearedtolackanyintellectualconte
Realizingthathehadn’tenoughmoneyandnotwantedtoborrowformhisfather,hedecidedtosellhiswatch.
WhatisAmerica’smostimportantfoodcrop?
______doesNOTbelongtothemajorpoetsoftheVictorianAge.
LastmonthHansenTransmissionsInternational,amakerofgearboxesforwindturbines,waslistedontheLondonStockExchange.
HowdidtheinterviewerdescribeDeputySheriffJenniferFulford-Salvano?
OnJuly4,1776,______adoptedtheDeclarationofIndependence.
随机试题
2016年率先实行国家监察体制改革试点的省级地方单位是()
窦性心动过速与不适宜性窦性心动过速的鉴别要点是
女性,56岁。以反复上腹部疼痛4年为主诉来诊,上腹痛无明显规律性,伴腹胀,反酸嗳气。查体:消瘦,贫血貌,舌红无苔,上腹轻压痛。胃镜检查示黏膜红白相间,以白为主,皱襞平坦,黏膜下血管透见,黏液湖缩小。黏膜活检示重度不典型增生。当前正确的治疗方法
A.夏枯草B.密蒙花C.谷精草D.青葙子E.决明子能清肝明目,散结消肿的中药是
我国的刑事诉讼法对刑事案件的地域管辖作了具体的规定,下列哪项说法是不正确的?()
高压电抗器保护装置单体调试套用相同电压等级送配电保护装置定额。
某企业只生产一种产品,单价4.5元,单位变动成本2.7元,预计明年固定成本90000元,产销量计划达225000件。则销量对利润的敏感系数为()。
乾清宫内匾额谁写的,秘密立储制度从谁开始,诏书存放的位置?
族群是在较大的社会文化体系中,由于客观上具有共同的渊源及由此延伸出的共同的文化,因此主观上自我认同并区别于其他群体的一群人。其中共同的渊源是指世系、血统、体质的相似;共同的文化是指相似的语言、宗教、习俗等。根据上述定义,下列属于族群的一项是()。
下列定义数组的语句中正确的是()。
最新回复
(
0
)