2. 外语
  3. A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or

A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or

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问题     A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd.【T1】Groups are capable of being as moral and intelligent as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own and is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking. Assembled in a crowd, people lose their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice. Their suggestibility is increased to the point where they cease to have any judgment or will of their own. They become very excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility, and they are subject to sudden accesses of rage, enthusiasm and panic. In a word, a man in a crowd behaves as though he had swallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant. 【T2】The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic, animal mindlessness.
    Unlike the masses, intellectuals have a taste for rationality and an interest in facts. Their critical habit of mind makes them resistant to the kind of propaganda that works so well on the majority. Intellectuals are the kind of people who demand evidence and are shocked by logical inconsistencies and fallacies. 【T3】They regard over-simplification as the original sin of the mind and have no use for the slogans, the unqualified assertions and sweeping generalizations which are the propagandist’s stock in trade. Philosophy teaches us to feel uncertain about the things that seem to us self-evident. 【T4】Propaganda, on the other hand, teaches us to accept as self-evident matters about which it would be reasonable to suspend our judgment or to feel doubt. The propagandist must therefore be consistently dogmatic. All his statements are made without qualification. 【T5】There are no grays in his picture of the world; everything is either diabolically black or celestially white. He must never admit that he might be wrong or that people with a different point of view might be even partially right. Opponents should not be argued with; they should be attacked, shouted down, or, if they become too much of a nuisance, liquidated. The morally squeamish intellectual may be shocked by this kind of thing. But the masses are always convinced that " right is on the side of the active aggressor."
【T1】
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答案群体具有与其组成成员同等水平的道德和智慧；然而人群是混乱的，没有自己的目标，它所能做的只有不能采取理智的行动、进行现实的思维。解析：该句的翻译重点是在表达上区分“groups”和“crowd”这两个单词。在该文中，groups特指讲道德、有头脑的一群个体形成的组织或团队，组织或团队的道德意识和智力水平和个体的道德意识和智力水平不相上下；而crowd基本等同于乌合之众，既缺少理智，又缺少目的和现实感。
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