2. 外语
  3. Read the article below about the real intentions of customers and the questions on the opposite page. For each question(13-1

Read the article below about the real intentions of customers and the questions on the opposite page. For each question(13-1

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问题     Read the article below about the real intentions of customers and the questions on the opposite page.
    For each question(13-18), mark one letter(A, B, C or D)on your Answer Sheet.
                    Turning Consumers into Customers
    The expression "supply and demand" was first coined as "demand and supply", by James Denham-Steuart in An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy, written in 1767. In his Inquiry, Denham-Steuart says of demand, "It must constantly appear reciprocal. If I demand a pair of shoes, the shoemaker either demands money, or something else for his own use," adding, "The nature of demand is to encourage industry." Nine years later, in The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith wrote, "The real and effectual discipline which is exercised over a workman is that of his customers. It is the fear of losing their employment which restrains his frauds and corrects his negligence."
    It helps to revisit these elementary lessons because we’ve been ignoring them on the Web—at the cost of billions of dollars in lost opportunities for businesses other than those driven by advertising and " big data" farming.
    To see what I mean, consider this fact: you are not a customer of Facebook or Twitter. Nor of Google’s search, mail, and other free services. The actual customers of those companies are advertisers, not you. In fact, you and I are the products being sold to advertisers. No matter how well those companies serve us with free goodies, the fact remains that these companies’ consumers and customers are different populations, and we are among the former, and not the latter, because we pay them nothing. In Adam Smith’s terms, we do not employ them.
    And, because we are merely consumers of these services, our concerns tend to be dismissed when they are in conflict with the ambitions of those services’ customers, the advertisers. This is why websites, advertisers and third parties take liberties with our personal data, our privacy, and our tolerance for "personalisation" of messages that still fail 99% of the time. This causes two problems. One is abuse of consumers. The other is a lack of what we could bring to the market’s table—besides money—if we were full-fledged customers.
    On the consumer protection front, the Tracking Protection Working Group of the W3C(the leading Web standards organisation)is meeting this week in Washington, as reported in an NPR story titled ’ Do Not Track’ Web Browser Option Gains Steam. Regulators and lawmakers in Washington are also on the case. Last year Sen. Jay Rockefeller introduced the Do-Not-Track Online Act. In February of this year, the White House published a Privacy Bill of Rights.
    An excellent source of ongoing documentation of consumer abuse is The Wall Street Journal’s What They Know, a series of reports begun on July 31, 2010. And, since journalism alone has proven insufficient for reversing the tide of abuse, Julia Angwin and the WTK team are convening Data Transparency Weekend starting this Friday in New York. The purpose is to "build free Web tools that promote data transparency and control". This is a strong move toward giving consumers the powers of customers, whether or not they pay anything.
According to the third paragraph, when we visit some websites,
选项 A、we are the customers who pay the webs.
B、our personal data are sold to advertisers.
C、websites conserve our personal information safely.
D、we contribute large profits to the websites.
答案B
解析 题目意为：“根据第三段，我们在浏览一些网站时，(发生了什么)?”第三段指出：To seewhat I mean，consider this fact：you are not a customer of Facebook or Twitter．Norof Google’s search，mail，and other free sewices．The actual customers of thosecompanies are advertisers，not you．In fact，you and I are the products being sold toadvertisers．即：我们要考虑到这样一个事实，我们并不是Facebook、Twitter、Google搜索、邮箱等免费服务的客户，这些公司真正的客户是广告商，而不是我们  事实上，我们都是被卖给广告商的商品。据此可以推断出，B项(我们的个人数据被卖给了广告商)为正确答案。
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