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  3. In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y

In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y

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问题     In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively【C1】________work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
    In any case, despite so much evidence to the【C2】________, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,【C3】________that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from【C4】________without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian managers.
    Different cultures have different ways of【C5】________people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known【C6】________the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to        【C7】________to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many Western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general【C8】________Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a【C9】________that traditional       【C10】________managers cannot.
    A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without【C11】________managers first. This empowerment has been part of the trend towards downsizing:【C12】________the number of management layers in companies. After delayering in this way, a company may be【C13】________with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with【C14】________contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation much further than has【C15】________been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to【C16】________that the overall business plan is being【C17】________, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
    Another trend is off-site or【C18】________management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the       【C19】________of the team members in terms of what they【C20】________for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
【C2】
选项 A、contrary
B、expectation
C、degree
D、extreme
答案A
解析 to the contrary(相反的)；to the degree(在某种程度上)；to the extreme(走向极端)。文章第一段提到了x理论和Y理论，这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管有很多证据证明Y理论的正确性，但很多管理者仍然同意x理论。故A正确。
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