首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
New Discoveries of Public Transport A) A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science an
New Discoveries of Public Transport A) A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science an
admin
2018-02-13
32
问题
New Discoveries of Public Transport
A) A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science and Technology Policy(ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.
B) The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.
C) According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: "A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one". Melbourne’s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities.
The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people’ s preferences as to where they live.
D) Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that "the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms".
E) Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most "bicycle friendly" cities considered—Amsterdam and Copenhagen—were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were—"reasonable but not special".
F) It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found "zero correlation".
G) When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.
H) In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: "The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favoured." He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.
I) In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.
J) There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars— creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.
K) Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.
L) It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team’ s research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. "The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face."
The example of European cities shows that higher incomes need not mean more cars.
选项
答案
J
解析
本题意为“在收入高,富有的城市,汽车使用率反而较低”。题干中的the example of European cities为定位词。可以直接定位到J段They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use.作者通过对比欧洲城市和美国、亚洲城市,反驳了高收入等于高的汽车使用率这一说法。
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/S1T7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Becausecompaniesneedn’ttopayanytax.B、Becausecompaniescanclaimexpendituresonsponsorshipagainsttheamountoftax
A、Redwoodtrees.B、Forestfires.C、SanFrancisco.D、Survivalskills.A主旨题。对话中出现频率最高的词是redwoodtrees,而且对话中通篇都在讲旧金山沿海的红杉树,讲到其高度、历史
A、Tostabilizeworldtemperature.B、Tosecurethehealthoflifesystem.C、Tostopthemarinecreaturesfromdying.D、Torestore
A、Thedistancethemerchandisehadtobetransported.B、Thenumberofinsurancecompaniesavailableatthetime.C、Theriskinvo
HowtoKeepYourNewYear’sResolutions[A]AbouthalfofallAmericanadultssaytheyareatleastsomewhatlikelytomakeaNew
A、HehadtoattendProf.Smith’slecture.B、Hehadtogotoseethedentist.C、Hehadtowaitforanemergencycall.D、Hehadto
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledOnCollegeStudents’CrazeforFamousBrands.Youress
A、Prehistoricdesertpeople.B、Migratoryanimals.C、Foodsuppliesandtools.D、Growingplants.C由“tremendousamountsoffoodsupp
A、Thereisagreatdifferencebetweenreadingandlistening.B、Thereareeffectivewaystopracticetheproofreadingskill.C、Hi
A、Sheisfamiliarwithallkindsofsportequipment.B、Sheisanexperiencedmountainclimber.C、Sheisaconfidentmountain-cli
随机试题
小叶原位癌通常免疫组化标记为
除法律规定终局的行政复议外,申请人对行政复议决定不服的,可以在收到复议决定书之日起15日内,或者法律、法规规定的其他期限内向人民法院起诉。对申请人逾期不起诉又不履行复议决定的,按以下方法处理( )。
根据古斯塔夫提出的公式,GR(建筑物火灾危险度)的计算公式中的C指可燃物的易燃性能,根据易燃性能C分为()级。
采用浅孔爆破法进行爆破作业时,合理布置炮孔是提高爆破效率的关键所在,布置时应遵循的原则有()。
背景某工程双代号实标网络图如下:假设各项工作均匀速进展,其中,工作箭线上方的数字为该工作每月完成的投资额(单位:万元)。问题试从投资角度分析6月、11月底的进度偏差及实际进展情况。
火灾种类应根据物质及其燃烧特性分类,下列属于火灾种类的是()。
Mr.Crane______yourreportonincreasingoperationalefficiency,andheiseagertotalktoyouaboutitonMonday.
初唐四杰中写檄文讨伐武则天的是()。
Describeawildanimalfromyourcountry.Youshouldsay:whattheanimaliswhatitlookslikewhereitlivesandwhatitfeeds
Allthetasks______aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.
最新回复
(
0
)