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  3. (1) One of our most firmly entrenched ideas of masculinity is that a real man doesn’t cry. Although he might shed a discreet tea

(1) One of our most firmly entrenched ideas of masculinity is that a real man doesn’t cry. Although he might shed a discreet tea

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问题     (1) One of our most firmly entrenched ideas of masculinity is that a real man doesn’t cry. Although he might shed a discreet tear at a funeral, he is expected to quickly regain control. Sobbing openly is for girls.
    (2) This isn’t just a social expectation.  One study found that women report crying significantly more than men do—five times as often, on average, and almost twice as long per episode.
    (3) So it’s perhaps surprising to learn that the gender gap  in crying  seems to be a recent development. Historically, men routinely wept, and no one saw it as feminine or shameful.
    (4) For example, in chronicles of the Middle Ages, we find one ambassador repeatedly bursting into tears when addressing Philip the Good, and the entire audience at a peace congress throwing themselves on the ground, sobbing and groaning as they listen to the speeches. In medieval romances, knights cried purely because they missed their girlfriends. In Chretien de Troyes’s Lancelot, or, The Knight of the Cart, no less a hero than Lancelot weeps at a brief separation from Guinevere. At another point, he cries on a lady’s shoulder at the thought that he won’t get to go to a big tournament because of his captivity. What’s more, instead of being disgusted by this sniveling (哭诉) , the lady is moved to help.
    (5) There’s no mention of the men in these stories trying to restrain or hide their tears. No one pretends to have something in his eye. No one makes an excuse to leave the room. They cry in a crowded hall with their heads held high. Nor do their companions make fun of this public blubbering (大声哭); it’s universally regarded as an admirable expression of feeling.
    (6) So where did all the male tears go? There was no anti-crying movement. No leaders of church or state introduced measures to discourage them. Nevertheless, by the Romantic period, masculine tears were reserved for poets. From there, it was just a short leap to the poker-faced heroes of Ernest Hemingway, who, despite their poetic leanings, could not express grief by any means but drinking and shooting the occasional buffalo.
    (7) The most obvious possibility is that this shift is the result of changes that took place as we moved from a feudal agrarian society to one that was urban and industrial. In the Middle Ages, most people spent their lives among those they had known since birth. A typical village had around 250 to 300 inhabitants, most of them related by blood or marriage.  If men cried, they did so with people who would empathize.
    (8) But from the 18th to 20th centuries, the population became increasingly urbanized, and people were living in the midst of thousands of strangers. Furthermore, changes in the economy required men to work together in factories and offices where emotional expression and even private conversation were discouraged as time wasting. As Tom Lutz writes in Crying: The Natural and Cultural History of Tears, "You don’t want emotions interfering with the smooth running of things. "
    (9) Yet human beings weren’t designed to swallow their emotions, and there’s reason to believe that suppressing tears can be hazardous to your well-being. Research from the 1980s has suggested a relationship between stress-related illnesses and inadequate crying. Weeping is also, somewhat counterintuitively, correlated with happiness and wealth. Countries where people cry the most tend to be more democratic and their populations more extroverted.
    (10) It’s time to open the floodgates. Time for men to give up emulating the stone-faced heroes of action movies and be more like the emotive heroes of Homer, like the weeping kings, saints, and statesmen of thousands of years of human history. When misfortune strikes, let us all—men and women— join together and cry until our sleeves are drenched. As the Old Testament has it: "They that sow in tears shall reap in joy."
The examples in Para. 4 are cited to________.
选项 A、explain why men in the Middle Ages cried
B、provide supporting evidence for Para. 3
C、show similarity between now and then
D、describe the manner in which men cried
答案B
解析 细节题。由题干提示定位至第四段。定位段列举了男性使节、听众、骑士等哭泣的例子。通常来讲，例子是用来支撑其所在位置的前后观点。上一段最后一句提到，从历史上来看，男性时常哭泣，没有人认为这是女性化的或可耻的。由此可见作者在第四段引用这些例子是为了给第三段最后一句的观点提供支持性证据，故B为答案。第四段第二句提到，在中世纪的传奇故事中，骑士哭泣纯粹是因为他们想念自己的女朋友，这只说明了中世纪骑士哭泣的部分原因，并非该段举例的目的，故排除A；第三段第一句表明，哭泣的性别差异似乎是最近才出现的事，紧接着第二句指出过去的男性时常哭泣，由此可知，第四段的举例是为了说明过去与现在男性哭泣的不同之处，而不是相似之处，故排除C；第四段的例子虽然分别提及使节屡次突然大哭、所有听众扑倒在地上哭泣呻吟和兰斯洛特靠在一位女士的肩上哭泣，但并非是为了描述男人哭泣的方式，而是为了说明中世纪的男性时常会哭泣，故排除D。
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