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  3. In Africa we experience enormous problems of underdevelopment, illiteracy, massive internal and external debts, the population e

In Africa we experience enormous problems of underdevelopment, illiteracy, massive internal and external debts, the population e

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问题     In Africa we experience enormous problems of underdevelopment, illiteracy, massive internal and external debts, the population explosion, high mortality rates(死亡率), etc. All these and similar problems have been known for a long time and need no restatement. What needs to be stated is that while the larger society to which one
    belongs is suffering from these mentioned problems, there is no way enjoyment of individual freedom and human rights will lead to self-fulfillment, to full self-realization, to a life of dignity(尊严) and self-respect, in short, to economic development. It will be no value to anyone in a society to get a Ph.D. in heart surgery when neighbors cannot control diarrhea(腹泻). There will be no point in individual families practicing family planning when the larger society is untouched by similar concerns. There will be no way a libertarian will realize his cherished values in a deprived society. Similarly, there will be no way nationalist tendencies can succeed when individual men and women are weakened. Development in Africa will have to be based on a collective(集体的) effort. David Kaulem has got the point, " The only thing that can further true development in Africa is unity, true common spirit; Africa will not be able to base their struggle on individual effort. "
Why does the author mention "Ph.D. in heart surgery"?
选项 A、To show that a Ph.D. is very important in Africa.
B、To tell us that there are not enough doctors in Africa.
C、To illustrate that heart diseases are serious in Africa.
D、To make a contrast to show that basic needs are more important in Africa.
答案D
解析 根据文章第四句“It will be no value to anyone in a society to get a Ph.D. in heart surgery when neighbors cannot control diarrhea. ”可知，当邻居连腹泻都无法控制时，获得心脏外科博士学位对社会中的任何一个人来说都是毫无价值的。作者用这样的例子来隐喻非洲的现状：如果解决不了非洲基本的生存问题，对其他问题的研究就毫无价值可言。由此可推知，作者旨在通过对比，表明在非洲基本需求更重要。故选D。
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