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  3. Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the preval

Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the preval

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问题    Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low and middle-income countries, are lacking.
   Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5% to 10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25% to 50% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to emotional abuse (sometimes referred to as psychological abuse).
   Every year, there are about 31 , 000 homicide deaths in children under 15. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls, burns and drowning.
   Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural, physical and mental health problems. Via the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections.
   Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.
   A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when we attempt to understand the causes of child maltreatment.
   It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfill the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.
The word "underestimates" in Paragraph 3 means______.
选项 A、exaggerates
B、points out
C、assumes
D、miscalculates
答案D
解析 根据第三段“Every year，there are about 31，000 homicide deaths in children under 15．This number underestimates the true extent of the problem，as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls，burns and drowning．”可知，每年15岁以下的儿童中约有3．1万人死于他杀。这个数字低估了问题的真实程度，很大一部分因虐待儿童而造成的死亡被错误地归因于摔死、烧死和淹死。exaggerate：夸张；point out：指出；assume：假定，设想；miscalculate：误算，估错。故选D。
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