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  3. With the pace of technological change making heads spin, we tend to think of our age as the most innovative ever. We have smartp

With the pace of technological change making heads spin, we tend to think of our age as the most innovative ever. We have smartp

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问题    With the pace of technological change making heads spin, we tend to think of our age as the most innovative ever. We have smartphones and supercomputers, big data and stem-cell transplants. Governments, universities and firms together spend around $1.4 trillion a year on R&D, more than ever before.
   Yet nobody recently has come up with an invention half as useful as toilet. With its clean lines and intuitive user interface, the humble toilet transformed the lives of billions of people. 【R1】______
   Modern science has failed to make anything like the same impact, and this is why a growing band of thinkers claim that the pace of innovation has slowed. 【R2】______If the rate at which we innovate, and spread that innovation, slows down, so too, other things being equal, will our growth rate.
   Ever since Malthus forecast that we would all starve, human ingenuity has proved the prophets of doom wrong. But these days the impact of innovation does indeed seem to be tailing off. 【R3】______
   Productivity also supports the pessimists’ case: it took off in the mid- 19th century, accelerated in the early 20th century and held up pretty well until the early 1970s. It then dipped sharply, ticked up in late 1990s with computerisation and dipped again in the mid-2000s.
   Yet that pattern is not as conclusively gloomy as the doomsayers claim. Life expectancy is still improving, even in the rich world. 【R4】______Moreover, it is too early to write off the innovative impact of the present age.
   This generation’s contribution to technological progress lies mostly in information technology(IT).
   【R5】______But as with electricity, companies will take time to learn how to use them, so it will probably be many decades before their full impact is felt.
   Computing power is already contributing to dramatic advances far beyond the field of IT. Three-dimensional printing may cause a new industrial revolution. Autonomous vehicles, like the driverless cars produced by Google, could be common on streets within a decade. And although it is too soon to judge how big a deal these inventions will turn out to be, globalisation should make this a fruitful period for innovation.
   [A]The productivity gains after electrification came not smoothly, but in spurts; and the drop-off since 2004 probably has more to do with the economic crisis than with underlying lack of invention.
   [B]Economic growth is a modern invention: 20th-century growth rates were far higher than those in the 19th century, and pre-1750 growth rates were almost imperceptible by modern standards.
   [C]Rather as electrification changed everything by allowing energy to be used far from where it was generated, computing and communications technologies transform lives and businesses by allowing people to make calculations and connections far beyond their unaided capacity.
   [D]And it wasn’t just modern sanitation that sprang from late-19th and early-20th-century brains : they produced cars, planes, the telephone, radio and antibiotics.
   [E]Many more brains are at work now than were 100 years ago: American and European inventors have been joined in the race to produce cool new stuff by those from many other countries.
   [F]If the pessimists are right, the implications are huge. Economies can generate growth by adding more stuff;more workers, investment and education. But sustained increases in output per person, which are necessary to raise incomes and welfare, entail using the stuff we already have in better ways—innovating, in other words.
   [G]Life expectancy in America, for instance, has risen more slowly since 1980 than in the early 20th century. The speed of travel, in the rich world at least, is often slower now than it was a generation earlier, after rocketing a century or so ago.
【R2】
选项
答案F
解析 空格出现在第三段中间。空格上文引出“创新速度业已减缓”的悲观观点，空格下文分析创新速度减缓对经济的影响。F项首句承上启下，前半句通过the pessimists承接上文“悲观论调”(the pessimists指代上文band of thinkers claim that the pace of innovation has slowed)，后半句通过implications引出深刻启示。该选项剩余部分指出，若想保持经济持续增长必须进行创新，这与空格下文“创新速度减缓，经济增速也随之减缓”衔接顺畅。B项中出现了空格下文“经济增长率(growth rates)”这一信息，有一定干扰。但该选项重点在于分析各历史时期的经济增长趋势，与空格上下文话题“创新(innovation)”不符。另外，该选项中现代经济增长率明显高于过去，这与空格上下文的悲观论调不符。
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