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  3. All R&D executives have two major responsibilities: (1) they must ensure that the company is supplied with technically successfu

All R&D executives have two major responsibilities: (1) they must ensure that the company is supplied with technically successfu

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问题     All R&D executives have two major responsibilities: (1) they must ensure that the company is supplied with technically successful projects, and (2) they must select the most promising schemes and ideas for the expenditure of R&D resources. This work is complicated by numerous uncertainties, inasmuch as commercial research and development must be based on market forecasts.
    If R&D management can provide a regular flow of new and updated products, the company will benefit in a number of ways. First of all, it will be able to make full use of expensive departmental resources, development engineering and available marketing capacity. In addition to that, a flow of new market winners will provide the business with steady growth income and profits. This can also be important psychologically, for it is often on this basis that those outside the company assess the quality of its management.
    The R&D department’s job is made more difficult because of the length of time required to complete its research. In the chemical and pharmaceutical (制药的) industries, for example, it may take five to ten years before a product is a technical success and a further six to eight years before it reaches full commercial potential.
    To achieve results, R&D must define both the areas that should be investigated and the objectives that should be achieved in each area. For this reason, the R&D department must take an interest in all aspects of design, application, efficiency, and use of appropriate materials. There is a difference, however, between the development of new consumer products and the development of new industrial ones. In consumer markets, the search for a new product often begins after a statement of a specific need, and development is tailored to meet it. In many industrial markets, product development is the result of work down in the research laboratory. This work is often aimed at a general need, such as a new kind of medicine or higher operating speeds for machines. When the new industrial project has been developed, its performance can be analyzed in terms of customer needs.
The main difference between consumer markets and industrial ones is ______.
选项 A、consumer markets focus on research while industrial ones focus on developing
B、consumer markets focus on tailors while industrial ones focus on medicine
C、consumer markets focus on specific while industrial ones focus on general
D、consumer markets focus on application while industrial ones focus on plan
答案C
解析 推理题。根据第四段第四和第六句，消费市场通常针对个别需要，而工业市场通常针对通用需要。
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