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  3. If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’ s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’ s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find

admin2021-09-24  31
问题     If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’ s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.
    What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soeeer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
    Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above. " Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20, " Ericsson recalls. "He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers. "
    This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
    Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer.  They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made,  not born.
    The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to_________.
选项 A、stress the importance of professional training
B、spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup
C、introduce the topic of what makes expert performance
D、explain why some soccer teams play better than others
答案C
解析 例证题。题干中的关键词是“soccer player”，定位到原文第一段第一句话。文章第一段提到在检查足球运动员的出生证明时，你可能发现一种引人注意的巧合——优秀的足球运动员往往出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月；第二段接着指出，什么可以解释这种奇怪的现象呢?随后介绍了几种猜测。这说明，提到出生日期的现象是为了引出本文的主题。故c为正确选项。第一段中没有提到专业训练，所以A项属于无中生有；本文是通过检查世界杯上的足球运动员而得出“生日”现象的，B项属于本末倒置；文中并没有提到某些足球队比其他足球队表现更好，所以D项与文意不符。
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