2. 外语
  3. For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "

admin2012-07-17  58
问题     For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or ever to make as many as three turns to one side.
    Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to______.
选项 A、have the lights turned on
B、get the milk
C、please their parents
D、be praised
答案A
解析 本题仍是一道具体细节题。问帕剖赛克的实验中婴儿学做摇头的动作是为了干什么。利用查阅式阅读法，根据第三段后半部分内容，如果他们左右摆头能点亮显示灯，他们不仅能学会左右摆头，而且还能学会相当复杂的摆头方式，如向一边连续摆两次或三次，只要这种摆头动作能点亮显示灯。因此，本题的正确答案应是A“婴儿学会做摇头的动作是为了开灯”。
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