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  3. From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put

From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put

admin2020-11-04  47
问题    From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put our trust in those we do not know. Now researchers have revealed that strangers are more likely to be trusted if they look like someone who has earned your trust before—and more likely to be distrusted if they resemble someone who has betrayed your faith in them.
   While previous research has shown how people can learn whether others are trustworthy over time, the team say it was unclear how an initial judgment is made about whether to trust or cooperate with someone. "What we wanted to figure out was what happens when you come across somebody for the first time," said Dr. Oriel FeldmanHall, co-author of the research and a social neuroscientist from Brown University.
   A team of researchers in the US reveal how they asked 29 participants to either keep $10 or invest all— or part—of it with one of three men they did not know but whose photographs they were shown. The team then carried out a second experiment in which participants were asked to pick a partner for a new game: either a player whose face they couldn’t see, or a player whose face they were shown in a photograph.
   The results reveal that the more a possible player looked like the trusted individual from the previous game, the more likely participants were to select them as their partner for the next task, while an even stronger negative effect was found for those who resembled the untrustworthy man in the initial game. Just over 68% of participants turned down the pictured player if he bore any resemblance to the untrustworthy man.
   FeldmanHall noted the findings are similar to the seminal (开创性的) experiments in which Russian scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov’s dogs learned to associate the sound of a certain bell with food. "If Pavlov would ring a similar type of bell, the dog would also salivate—it would just salivate a little bit less," said FeldmanHall.
   The team then carried out the same experiments with 28 new participants, while fMRI brain scanning took place. Among their findings, the team discovered that as the image of the potential candidate was tweaked to look more like the untrustworthy player of the initial game, activity in the amygdala (杏仁体) — an area of the brain linked to processing threat—became stronger.
   Antonio Espin, a behavioural economist from Middlesex University, London, said the study’s implications could be wide-ranging. "Interestingly, since the main reason for facial similarity is shared genes, the study not only advances our understanding of why we trust or distrust specific strangers but also has broader implications, for example, for ethnic or racial discrimination and in the evolutionary arena of partner selection. "
Why did Antonio Espin say "the study’s implications could be wide-ranging" ?
选项 A、Because it found out the main reason for facial similarity.
B、Because it discovered shared genes of similar appearance.
C、Because it explained how the initial trust was established.
D、Because it enlightened researches of other social sciences.
答案D
解析 语义理解题。本题考查对经济学家艾斯匹恩所说的话的理解。定位段第一句提到，艾斯匹恩说这个研究的影响可能十分广泛，接着第二句后半部分指出，这个研究对民族或种族歧视以及在进化舞台上对伙伴的选择都有启示意义。由此可知，这项研究对其他社科领域的研究具有启示意义，故D)为答案。A)“因为它发现了面部相似的主要原因”和B)“因为它发现了相似外貌的共同基因”是对定位段第二句前半部分的曲解，原文的意思是面部相似性主要是由共同基因决定的，这是已知的，不是本次研究的发现，故均排除；C)“因为它解释了最初的信任是如何建立的”，解释最初的信任是如何建立的虽然是本次研究的主题，但从上下文可知，这并不是艾斯匹恩所说的“更广泛的启示”，故排除。
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