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  3. Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s gr

Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s gr

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问题    Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say "I’m sorry"; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
   In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. "There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve, " says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.
   And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
   Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
   In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
   " That’s good news, " Malti says, "We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret. "
Vaish hold that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.
选项 A、emotions are context-independent
B、an emotion can play opposing roles
C、emotions are socially constructive
D、emotional stability can benefit health
答案B
解析 根据题干关键信息“Vaish hold that…”可以定位至原文第二段第四句“‘There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking…can serve．’says Amrisha Vaish…”即为Vaish的观点，也是题干信息所在句。后面又提到“…adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that…in another．”(这种复兴是更大的认识的一部分，即情绪不是二元情感，在一个情境中有利的情绪在另一个情境中可能是有害的。)结合四个选项，emotions are context-independent(情绪与情境无关)与原文表述相反，排除A项。an emotion can play opposing roles(情绪可以起到相反的作用)与原文中句子的表述一致，符合题意，所以B项正确。emotion are socially constructive(从社会角度来说，情绪具有积极性)，emotional stability can benefit health(情绪稳定有益于身体健康)，原文中都没有明确提到相关内容，排除CD项。故选B。
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