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  3. Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, American

Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, American

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问题     Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, Americans are getting less sleep than they did in the past.【F1】A 2005 National Sleep Foundation poll found that Americans averaged 6.9 hours of sleep per night, which represents a drop of about two hours per night since the 19th century, one hour per night over the past 50 years, and about 15 to 25 minutes per night just since 2001.
    Unfortunately, we are not very good at perceiving the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania restricted volunteers to less than six hours in bed per night for two weeks. The volunteers perceived only a small increase in sleepiness and thought they were functioning relatively normally.【F2】However, formal testing showed that their cognitive abilities and reaction times progressively declined during the two weeks. By the end of the two-week test, they were as impaired as subjects who had been awake continuously for 48 hours.
    Moreover, cognitive and mood problems may not be the only consequences of too little sleep. Researchers at the University of Chicago have shown that too little sleep changes the body’s secretion of some hormones.【F3】The changes promote appetite, reduce the sensation of feeling full after a meal, and alter the body’s response to sugar intake—changes that can promote weight gain and increase the risk of developing diabetes.
    A recent review by a team from Harvard Medical School found that all of the large studies that followed people over time agreed that short sleep duration was associated with future weight gain.【F4】This connection was particularly strong in children; all 31 studies in children showed a strong association between short sleep duration and current and future obesity. For example, a study by Susan Redline and colleagues at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine showed an inverse correlation between sleep duration and obesity in high-school-age students.【F5】The shorter the sleep, the higher the likelihood of being overweight, with those getting six to seven hours of sleep more than two and a half times as likely to be overweight as those getting more than eight hours.
    We have many opportunities to avoid sleep—lights, electronic devices, and other entertainment offer round-the-clock temptations. But we must recognize the importance of sleep and make it a priority to get enough. It is a lot easier to prevent weight gain, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease by getting enough sleep than it is to treat these problems once they develop.
【F2】
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答案然而，测试表明，在两周的时间里，他们的认知能力和反应时间都逐渐下降了。
解析 本句是主从复合句，that引导的宾语从句作showed的宾语。翻译时要注意省略译法，因此本句中的formal testing可直接译为“测试”；而progressively一词有很多意思，其常用的意思是“前进地，发展中地”，在这里用这个意思明显不符合上下文的意思，因此译成“逐渐地，渐次地”。
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