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  3. The United Nations The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945. The UN describes itself

The United Nations The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945. The UN describes itself

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问题                   The United Nations
    The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945. The UN describes itself as a "global association of governments facilitating cooperation in international law, international security,  economic development, and social equity." It was founded by 51 states and as of 2005 it consists of 191 member states, including virtually all internationally-recognized independent nations. From its headquarters in New York City, the member countries of the UN and its specialized agencies give guidance  and make decisions on substantial and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout each year.
    The organization is structurally divided into administrative bodies, including the UN General Assembly,  UN Security Council, UN Economic and Social Council, UN Trusteeship Council, UN Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice, as well as counterpart bodies dealing with the governance of all other UN system agencies, for example, the WHO and UNICEF. The organization’s most visible public figure is the Secretary-General.
    The UN was founded at the conclusion of World War Il by the victorious world powers, and the founders of the UN had high hopes that it would act to prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible, by fostering an ideal of collective security. The organization’s structure still reflects in some ways the circumstances of its founding; specifically, in addition to the rotating national members of the prominent United Nations Security Council, there are five permanent members with veto(否决) power—the United States of America, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and People’s Republic of China (which replaced the Republic of China).
    The name "United Nations" was devised by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was first used in the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.
    The United Nations Charter was drawn up by the representatives of 50 countries at the United Nations  Conference on International Organization, which was held at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June, 1945 .They deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks in August-October 1944. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries; Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States.
    The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States and by a majority of other signatories; 24 October is celebrated, each year as United Nations Day.
    Preamble to the Charter
    The Preamble(序言) to the Charter expresses the ideals and common aims of all the peoples whose governments joined together to form the United Nations:
    We the peoples of the United Nations
    Determined
    To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold  sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect fro the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of in- ternational law can be maintained, and
    To promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
    And for these ends,
    To practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another
    As good neighbours, and
    To unite our strength to maintain international peace and
    Security, and
    To ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution
    Of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and
    To employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,
    Have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims.
    Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.
    Purposes and Principles
    The purposes of the United Nations, as set forth in the Charter, are:
    To maintain international peace and security;
    To develop friendly relations among nations;
    To co-operate internationally in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human fights and fundamental freedoms;
    To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these common ends.
    The United Nations acts in accordance with the following principles:
    It is based on the sovereign equality of all its Members.
    All Members are to fulfill in good faith their Charter obligations.
    They are to refrain in their international relations from the threat or user of force against any other State.
    They are to give the United Nations, every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the Charter, and shall not assist States against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.
    The United Nations shall ensure that States which are not Members act in accordance with these principles in so far as it is necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.
    Nothing in the Charter is to authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially  within the domestic jurisdiction of any State.
    Membership
    Membership of the United Nations is open to all peace-loving nations which accept the obligations of the United Nations Charter and, in the judgment of the organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.
    New Members are admitted by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. The Charter provides for the suspension or expulsion of a Member for violation of the principles of the Charter, but no such action has ever been taken since the establishment of the Organization.
    Official Languages
    Under the Charter, the official languages of the United Nations are Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. Arabic has been added as an official language of the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council.
    Structure of the Organization
    The Charter established six principal organs of the United Nations: the Genera] Assembly, the Security  Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and  the Secretariat.
The member countries of the UN and its specialized agencies give guidance and make decisions on______in regular meetings held throughout each year.
选项
答案substantive and administrative issues
解析 本题答案来自于文章第1段最后一句：“From its headquarters in New York City，the member countries of the UN and its specialized agencies give guidance and make decisions on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout each year”。
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