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  3. Cancer is used generically for more than 100 different diseases, including malignant tumours of different sites, such as breast,

Cancer is used generically for more than 100 different diseases, including malignant tumours of different sites, such as breast,

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问题     Cancer is used generically for more than 100 different diseases, including malignant tumours of different sites, such as breast, stomach, colon/rectum, lung and, mouth. The disease arises principally as a consequence of individual exposure to the substances that cause cancer in what individuals inhale, eat and drink, or are exposed to in their personal or work environment. (1)______
    Many of the chronic disease risks, and the diseases themselves, overlap. In developed countries, cancer is the second-biggest cause of death after cardiovascular disease (CVD), and epidemiological evidence points to this trend emerging in the less developed world. (2)______ Already more than half of all cancer cases occur in developing countries.
    There are approximately 20 million people living with cancer at the moment; by 2020 there will be an estimated 30 million. And the impact is far greater than the number of cases alone would suggest. (3)______ Cancer can also be profoundly distressing as well as economically disruptive to patients’ families. The clinical care of cancer patients is a costly element in public health budgets.
    Dietary factors are estimated to account for approximately 30% of cancers in western countries, making diet second only to tobacco as a preventable cause of cancer. This proportion is thought to be about 20 % in developing countries and is projected to grow. As developing countries become urbanised, patterns of cancer, particularly those most strongly associated with diet and physical activity, tend to shift towards the patterns of economically developed countries. Cancer rates also change as populations move between countries and adopt different dietary patterns.
    The relative importance of cancers as a cause of death is increasing. The incidence of lung cancer and cancers of the colon and rectum, breast and prostate, generally increases in parallel with economic development, as stomach cancer declines. Cancer is also strongly associated with social and economic status. (4)______
    In recent years, substantial evidence has pointed to the link from overweight and obesity, to many types of cancer such as colorectum, breast and kidney. The composition of the diet is also important since fruit and vegetables may have a protective effect by decreasing the risk for some cancer types such as oral, oesophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer.
    Regular physical activity has also been seen to have a protective effect in reducing the risk of breast and colorectal cancer. High intake of preserved meat or red meat might be associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. (5)______
    The wealth of knowledge that already exists about cancer risk factors provides obvious and ample scope for action to reduce the cancer burden of all countries. After tobacco, overweight and obesity seems to be the most important avoidable cause of cancer.     Given that poor nutrition, physical inactivity, obesity, tobacco and alcohol, are risk factors common to other chronic diseases, such as CVD, type 2 diabetes, and respiratory diseases, conducting a cancer prevention programme within the context of an integrated chronic disease prevention programme would be an effective national strategy.
[A] This is particularly true in countries of "transition" or middle income countries, such as in South America and Asia.
[B] Cancer risk factors are highest in groups with the least education. In addition, patients in the lower socioeconomic classes have consistently poorer survival rates than those in higher social class.
[C] Another aspect of diet clearly related to cancer risk is the high consumption of alcoholic beverages, which convincingly increases the risk of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, liver and breast cancers.
[D] Regardless of prognosis, the initial diagnosis is often perceived by patients as life-threatening, with over one-third of sufferers experiencing clinical anxiety and depression.
[E] Personal habits, such as tobacco use, dietary and physical activity patterns—as well as occupational and environmental conditions—rather than genetic factors, play the major roles in the development of cancer.
[F] While tobacco use is the single largest causative factor-accounting for about 30% of all cancer deaths in developed countries and an increasing number in the developing world—dietary modification and regular physical activity are significant elements in cancer prevention and control.
选项
答案A
解析 本段内容是关于癌症问题的范围。在发达国家癌症是除了心血管疾病以外的第二大杀手。在欠发达国家中这种趋势也日趋明显，有一半以上的癌症病例发生在发展中国家。选项中A项和F项都提及了国家，A项中的“This”是一个典型的衔接，指代前句当中的提到的趋势。F项作为干扰虽然也提了发达国家和发展中国家，但其主要表达的是有关饮食与运动和癌症的关系，意思与上下文相去甚远，故A项正确。
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