2. 外语
  3. You will now read a short passage and then listen to a talk on the same academic topic. You will then be asked a question about

You will now read a short passage and then listen to a talk on the same academic topic. You will then be asked a question about

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问题 You will now read a short passage and then listen to a talk on the same academic topic. You will then be asked a question about them. After you hear the question, you will have 30 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak.
Demonstration of Qualities
Broadly speaking, animals’ defenses against predators fall into three categories: fight, flee, or freeze. There exist, however, a number of behaviors that do not fit neatly into this simple scheme. Among these one of the most striking is demonstration of prowess. Here a non-predator species will engage in behavior that tends to discourage predators. The behavior signals to the predator that the prospective prey is 1) ready to fight: or 2) not an attractive food species after all: or 3) simply too hard for that predator to capture. In all three cases, the message conveyed is a false one and animals engaging in these behaviors are, in fact, non-aggressive food species not especially difficult to capture. As such, the tactic represents a "bluff" by the animal that it is never intended the predator will test.
Now hear a talk on the same subject.
Question: Using information from the reading and the lecture, explain how the lecture is related to the reading passage.
This lecture is about a group of animal species in Africa in which some individuals keep jumping as high as they can when facing predators like hyenas, a kind of wild dog. The reason is that hyenas are not interested in prey that jumps all the time. They only hunt those who don’t jump.
An excellent example of a species that employs display of prowess as a means of discouraging predators is the African dik-dik. The dik-dik is a species of tiny antelope (about 30-40 cm tall at the shoulder) that lives on that continent’s grasslands. As might be expected, such a tasty, small package is a favorite of modest-sized predators like hyenas.
If the dik-dik herd is lucky enough to be alerted to the presence of predators, however, the animals do not simply run. Over a short distance, the larger hyena, leopard, etc. can generally catch the smaller prey. Rather, the dik-dik have recourse to their leaping ability. They cavort in the face of the hyenas, leaping and leaping.
Since the dik-dik leap considerably higher than the hyenas’ backs, and since the hyenas are forced to look up to watch the animal, predation is discouraged. Few predators (mammals generally) are comfortable with either looking up or with any life-form in the air above them. Such behavior by the dik-dik effectively short circuits the hyenas’ hunting instinct and is generally an effective defense. Their behavior runs counter to what hyenas expect of their prey and, disqualifies the dik-dik as food items in the hyenas’ eyes.
选项
答案The reading discusses an academic concept called demonstration of qualities which refers to the action the prey takes when encountering predators: instead of running away, prey usually shows their power to the predators. The lecture cites the African did-dik, a small antelope, as an example. The dik-dik defends itself against hyenas by adopting the tactics listed above: exhibiting non-prey behavior. The little antelope leaps back and forth while facing the predator. This is not expected prey behavior and, as it were, cancels out the hyena’s hunting instinct. Since that instinct is thwarted, the dik-dik is safe from this immediate threat.
解析   Demonstration of Qualities实力展示。即Here a non-predator species will engage in behavior that tends to discourage predators．将标题跟定义带入模版，即是对文章的复述，即：The reading discusses an academic concept called demonstration of qualities which refers to the action the prey takes when encountering predators：Instead of running away, prey usually shows their power to the predators．
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