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  3. Henry Kissinger published an article in the June 2018 Atlantic Monthly detailing his belief artificial intelligence (AI) threate

Henry Kissinger published an article in the June 2018 Atlantic Monthly detailing his belief artificial intelligence (AI) threate

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问题    Henry Kissinger published an article in the June 2018 Atlantic Monthly detailing his belief artificial intelligence (AI) threatens to be a problem for humanity—probably an existential problem.
   He joins Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Stephen Hawking and others who have come out to declare the dangers of AI. The difference is, unlike those scientists and technologists, the former secretary of State speaks with great authority to a wider audience that includes policy makers and political leaders, and so could have a much greater influence.
   And that’s not a good thing. There’s a widespread lack of precision in how we describe AI that is giving rise to a significant apprehension on its use in self-driving cars, automated farms, drone airplanes and many other areas where it could be extremely useful. In particular, Kissinger commits the same error many people do when talking about AI: the so-called conflation error. In this case the error comes about when the success of AI programs in defeating humans in games such as chess and go are conflated with similar successes that might be achieved with AI programs used in supply chain management or claims adjustments or other, more futuristic areas.
   But the two situations are very different. The rules of games like chess and go are prescriptive, somewhat complicated and never change. They are, in the context of AI, "well bounded." A book teaching chess or go written 100 years ago is still relevant today. Training an AI to play one of these games takes advantage of this "boundedness" in a variety of interesting ways, including letting the AI decide how it will play.
   Now, however, imagine the rules of chess could change randomly at any time in any location: Chess on Tuesdays in Chicago has one set of rules but in Moscow there are a different set of rules on Thursdays. Chess players in Mexico use a completely different board, one for each month of the year. In Sweden the role for each piece can be decided by a player even after the game starts. In a situation like this it’s obviously impossible to write down a single set rules that everyone can follow at all times in all locations.
   AI is today being applied to business systems like claims and supply chains that, by their very nature, are unbounded. It is impossible to write down all the rules an AI has to follow when adjudicating an insurance claim or managing the supply chain, even for something as simple as bubblegum. The only way to train an AI to manage one of these is to feed it massive amounts of data on all the myriad processes and companies that make up an insurance claim or a simple supply chain. We then hope the AI can do the job—not just efficiently, but also ethically.
Training an AI to play chess or go makes full use of______.
选项 A、books teaching chess or go
B、permanent rules of these games
C、various methods of playing
D、relevant rules of early years
答案B
解析 事实细节题。根据定位词定位到文章第四段。原文指出，训练人工智能去参加这些比赛中的一项比赛，并以各种有趣的方式来利用这种“有界性”，包括让人工智能决定它将如何进行比赛，这种“有界性”指的就是比赛规则的固定性，故B项为正确选项。
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