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  3. In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about mo

In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about mo

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问题     In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails.Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
    Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
    The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
    Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost.If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail."Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
    Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on.Consider the 1.02 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.ConraiPs net railway operating income in 1996 was just 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction.Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
选项 A、Indifferent.
B、Supportive.
C、Indignant.
D、Apprehensive.
答案D
解析 本题可参照文章的第3段。从中可知，典型的情况是，在没有竞争对手时，铁路公司一般向这样的“受制的”托运人多收取20％～30％的费用。从文章第5段的内容可知，许多受制的托运人也担心将受到又一轮费用大幅度增加的打击；就整个铁路行业来说，其收入仍不足以支付它必须用于维持日益增加的运输而投入的资金；而且，铁路公司仍在借贷资金相互兼并；今年，Norfolk Southern和CSX公司投入了10.2亿美元兼并了联合铁路公司；许多受制的托运人担心，随着Norfolk Southern公司和CSX对市场的控制力加强，托运
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