首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"New Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reint
"New Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reint
admin
2012-01-14
71
问题
"New Women of the Ice Age"
The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinterpretation of the Paleolithic past centers on new views of the role of women in the food-foraging economy. Amassing critical and previously overlooked evidence from
and the neighboring site of Pavlov, researchers Olga Softer, James Adovasio, and David Hyland now propose that human survival there had little to do with men hurling spears at big game animals. Instead, observes Softer, one of the world’s leading authorities on Ice Age hunters and gatherers and an archeologist at the University of lllinois in Champaign-Urbana,
it
depended largely on women, plants, and a technique of hunting previously invisible in the archeological evidence—net hunting. "This is not the image we’ve always had of Upper Paleolithic macho guys out killing animals up close and personal," Softer explains. "Net hunting is communal, and it involves the labor of children and women. And this has lots of implications."
→ Many of these
implications
make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions about the focus of previous studies. European archeologists have long concentrated on analyzing broken stone tools and butchered big-game bones, the most plentiful and best preserved relics of the Upper Paleolithic era (which stretched from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago). From these analyses, researchers have developed theories about how these societies once hunted and gathered food. Most researchers ruled out the possibility of women hunters for biological reasons. Adult females, they reasoned, had to devote themselves to breast-feeding and tending infants. "Human babies have always been immature and dependent," says Softer. "If women are the people who are always involved with biological reproduction and the rearing of the young, then that is going to
constrain
their behavior. They have to provision that child. For fathers, provisioning is optional."
→ To test theories about Upper Paleolithic life, researchers looked to ethnography, the scientific description of modern and historical cultural groups. While the lives of modern hunters do not exactly duplicate those of ancient hunters, they supply valuable clues to universal human behavior.
In many historical societies, Soffer observes, women played a key part in net hunting, since the technique did not call for brute strength nor did it place young mothers in physical peril.
Among Australian aborigines, for example. Women as well as men knotted the mesh, laboring for as much as two or three years on a fine net. Among Native American groups, they helped lay out their handiwork on poles across a valley floor. Then the entire camp joined forces as beaters. Fanning out across the valley, men, women, and children alike shouted and screamed, flushing out game and driving it in the direction of the net. "Everybody and their mother could participate," says Soffer. "Some people were beating, others were screaming or holding the net. And once you got the net on these animals, they were immobilized. You didn’t need brute force. You could club them, hit them any old way."
→ People seldom returned home empty-handed. Researchers living among the net hunting Mbuti in the forests of the Congo report that they capture game every time they lay out their woven traps, scooping up 50 percent of the animals encountered. "Nets are a far more valued item in their panoply of food-producing things than bows and arrows are," says Adovasio. So lethal are these traps that the Mbuti generally rack up more meat than they can consume, trading the surplus with neighbors. Other net hunters traditionally smoked or dried their catch and stored it for leaner times.
→ A Softer doubts that the inhabitants of
and Pavlov were the only net makers in Ice Age Europe. B Camps stretching from Germany to Russia are littered with a notable abundance of small-game bones, from hares to birds like ptarmigan. And at least some of their inhabitants whittled bone tools that look much like the awls and net spacers favored by historical net makers.C
Although the full range of their activities is unlikely ever to be known for certain, there is good reason to believe that Ice Age women played a host of powerful
roles
. D And the research that suggests those roles is rapidly changing our mental images of the past. For Softer and others, these are exciting times.
Complete the table by matching the phrases on the left with the headings on the right. Select the appropriate answer choices and drag them to the theory to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. To delete an answer choice, click on it. To see the passage, click on View Text. Answer Choices A. The introduction of farming methods changed the status of women.
B. Finding big game bones is a major purpose of archaeological digs.
C. Stone tools prove that large animals were used for provisions.
D. Caring for babies limited women to gathering food instead of hunting.
E. Big game hunting was not as important as net hunting in the Ice Age.
F. Bows and arrows are considered less important than traps.
G. The responsibilities of women in the Paleolithic period included net hunting.
H. Paleolithic women participated in big game hunting expeditions.
I. Bone tools such as spacers and awls provide evidence for the theory.
Previous Theories
______
______
______
Soffer’s Theory
______
______
______
______
选项
答案
Previous Theories: B, C, D Soffer’s Theory: E, F, G, I
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/KRyO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
ClassifythefollowinginformationasreferringtoAadoptedthewritingsystemfromanothercountryBusedorganicmaterialst
Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectorganisation,A-G.ListofOrganisationsAExplorationArchitectureBDESERTECCABBPower
Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectorganisation,A-G.ListofOrganisationsAExplorationArchitectureBDESERTECCABBPower
ChooseTWOlettersA-E.WhichTWOsecuritymeasureshavebeenrequested?Aclosed-circuitTVBshowUnionCardonenteringtheb
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EngineeringforsustainabledevelopmentTheGreenhou
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EngineeringforsustainabledevelopmentTheGreenhou
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EngineeringforsustainabledevelopmentTheGreenhou
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.SavingthejuniperplantBackgroundOnemeasureis
status本题有关埃及卫生项目给人们带来的好处。录音原文中的havegreater…是题目中risein…的同义转述;录音原文用两个并列句的形式(havegreaterstatus…aswellas…)替换了题目中and前后连接的两个并列短语
A、Sheoriginallyproposedit.B、Shedoesn’tthinkit’sagoodidea.C、She’squitesureitwilltakeplace.D、Itssuccessdepends
随机试题
无因管理
教学的基本任务有哪些?
根据《招标投标法》,下列关于评标要求的说法,正确的有()。
混凝土坝坝基所受的渗透压力大小与()成正比。
投资项目敏感性分析是通过分析来确定评价指标对主要不确定性因素的敏感程度和( )。
某小型企业建筑,共4层,总建筑面积约6000m2,楼内设有室内外消火栓系统、自动喷水灭火系统、防排烟系统、火灾自动报警系统、灭火器、消防应急照明和疏散指示标志等消防设施及器材。该建筑消防应急照明和疏散指示系统采用自带电源集中控制型,企业定期对消防
某会员制期货交易所欲召开会员大会,根据《期货交易所管理办法》规定,会员大会有()以上会员参加方为有效。
正常情况下。尿液与原尿相比,主要区别是尿液中不含有()。
Internet主要由通信线路、______、服务器与客户机和信息资源4部分组成。
Inourcontemporaryculture,theprospectofcommunicatingwith—orevenlookingat—astrangerisvirtuallyunbearable.Everyone
最新回复
(
0
)