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  3. Some pioneering work that began as an attempt to discover ways to increase production efficiency led to the founding of the huma

Some pioneering work that began as an attempt to discover ways to increase production efficiency led to the founding of the huma

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问题     Some pioneering work that began as an attempt to discover ways to increase production efficiency led to the founding of the human relations movement in industry and to the development of motivational skills and tools for managers. In 1927 researchers were involved in determining the optimum amount of lighting, temperature, and humidity (with lighting being considered the most important) for the assembly of electronic components at Western Electric. The researchers found that lighting had no consistent effect on production. In fact, production sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight! The important part of this experiment began when two Harvard researchers, Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger, were brought in to investigate these unexpected results further. They found that workers were responding not to the level of lighting but to the fact that they were being observed by the experimenters.
    This phenomenon came to be known as the Hawthorne effect since the experiments were conducted at the Western Electric Hawthorne Plant. This was the first documented and widely published evidence of the psychological effects on doing work, and it led to the first serious effort aimed at examining psychological and social factors in the workplace. Further experiments were continued for five years. Generally, the researchers concluded from their experiments that economic motivation (pay) was not the sole source of productivity and, in some cases, not even the most important source. Through interviews and test results, the researchers focused on the effects of work attitudes, supervision, and the peer group and other social forces, on productivity.
    Their findings laid the groundwork for modern motivation theory, and the study of human factors on the job, which continues to this day in such common practices as selection and training, establishing favorable work conditions, counseling, and personnel operations. The contributions of this experiment shifted the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach including psychological and social forces.
The word "it" underlined in Paragraph 2 refers to______.
选项 A、the experiment
B、economic motivation
C、the Western Electric Hawthorn plant
D、the Hawthorne effect
答案D
解析 词义题型本句意为：这是第一次被记录下来且被广泛引用的心理作用在工作中的影响的依据；它导致了第一次旨在调查工作场所中心理和社会因素影响的认真研究。因此此处的“it”指的就是上面所提到的“霍桑效应”，答案为D。
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