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  3. Without doubt, the international relations appear at times bewildering. Students may at times feel that their efforts to underst

Without doubt, the international relations appear at times bewildering. Students may at times feel that their efforts to underst

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问题     Without doubt, the international relations appear at times bewildering. Students may at times feel that their efforts to understand the complexities of the international system today are futile.
    The task is a difficult one, but it is not futile. It requires patience and persistence as well as logical inquiry and flexible perspectives.
    71. As the examples just given often illustrate, contemporary international events are regularly interrelated; our task of achieving understanding is therefore further complicated because seemingly unrelated events in different areas of the world may over a period of time combine to affect still other regions of the globe. Events are demonstrably interdependent, and as we improve our ability to understand the causes of and reasons behind this interdependence, we will improve our ability to understand contemporary international relations.
    How can our task best be approached? Throughout history, analysts of international relations have differed in their approaches to improving understanding in their field. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, for example, the study, of international relations centered around diplomatic history. Who did what to whom at a particular time and place were the main features of the method of diplomatic history. This methodology concentrated on nation-states as the main actors in international relations and included the study of the major diplomats and ministers of the period. Detailed accuracy, was required and obtained, but seldom were causal connections or comprehensive analyses sought.
    72. As a means for understanding a particular series of events, diplomatic history was (and is) excellent; as a means for understanding a particular sweep of international relations or for developing a theoretical basis for the study of international relations, diplomatic history was (and is) of limited utility.
    Whereas diplomatic history sought to explain a particular series of events, other methodologies were developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries that viewed international relations on a global scale.
    73. Strategic and geopolitical analyses, methodologies in wide use even today, trace their roots to concepts developed by the U. S. Admiral Alfred Mahan during the late 19th century, and British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder during the early 20th century. To Mahan the world’s oceans were its highways, and whoever controlled its highways could control the course of international relations. Mahan bases most of his analysis on Great Britain and its Royal Navy. Partly because of the urgings of Mahan, the United States on Great Britain and its fleet during the late 19th century and actively sought and acquired territorial possessions in the Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii, Samoa Guam and the Philippines.
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答案如今依旧广泛使用的战略分析和地缘政治分析及其方法论可追溯至19世纪末美国海军上将埃尔弗莱德·马汉和20世纪初英国地理学家哈尔福德·麦金德爵士所提出的有关概念。
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