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  3. Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence

Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence

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问题    Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence of food reserves in the home, and a chronic shortage of cash. These conditions reduce the possibility of effective participation in the larger economic system. As a response to these conditions, we find in the culture of poverty a high incidence of pawning personal goods, borrowing from local money-lenders at higher rates of interest, spontaneous informal credit devices organized by neighbors, the use of second-hand clothing and furniture, and the pattern of frequent buying of small quantities of food many times a day as the need arises.
   People with a culture of poverty produce very little wealth and receive very little in return. They have a low level of literacy and education, usually do not belong to labor unions, are not members of political parties, generally do not participate in the national welfare agencies, and make very little use of banks, hospitals, department stores, museums or art galleries. They have a critical attitude toward some of the basic institutions of the dominant classes, hatred of the police, mistrust of government and those in high position, and a cynicism which extends even to the church. This gives the culture of poverty a high potential for protest and for being used in political movements aimed against the existing social order.
   People with a culture of poverty are aware of middle-class values, talk about them and even claim some of them as their own, but on the whole, they do not live by them. Thus, it is important to distinguish between what they say and what they do. For example, many will tell you that marriage by law, by the church, or by both is the ideal form of marriage, but few will marry. To men who have no steady jobs or other sources of income, who do not own property and have no wealth to pass on to their children, who are present-time-oriented and who want to avoid the expense and legal difficulties involved in formal marriage and divorce, free unions or consensual marriages make a lot of sense. Women will often turn down offers of marriage because they feel it ties them down to men who are immature, punishing and generally unreliable. Women feel that consensual union gives them a better break; it gives them some of the freedom and flexibility that men have. By not giving the fathers of their children legal status as husbands, the women have a stronger claim on their children if they decide to leave their men. It also gives women exclusive rights to a house or any other property they may own.
A conclusion can be drawn from Paragraph 3 that men and women in the culture of poverty______.
选项 A、consider themselves unworthy of legal marriage
B、cannot get married and raise a family of their own
C、do not trust each other as faithful husbands and wives
D、avoid legal marriages for practical and economic reasons
答案D
解析    论点概括。第三段开头提出论点：贫困人群清楚主流价值观，但他们没有遵循。究其原因，有经济困难，因为去教堂举行婚礼等会产生费用，他们付不起；也有实际困难，如正式婚姻中丈夫不理想时，无法轻易离开；不利于争取孩子的监护权，不利于分得财产等。这里的逻辑是先提出论点，然后以事实为论据进行佐证。所以概括的时候需要结合二者。【知识拓展】英语段落的写作逻辑多种多样，但大多有迹可循。其中比较重要的是举事实，不必大讲道理，这样更具有说服力。掌握这个特点，有利于在以后的阅读中积累经验。尤其在涉及比较敏感的话题时，如本题讨论的贫困人口，用的就是委婉语culture of poverty，中间也不能直截了当讲他们所面临的问题的主要根源是贫穷，且无法彻底改变，甚至会代代相传。这类文章的笔锋一般不宜过于犀利、直白，所以读者需要自己体会。
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