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  3. Who’s poor in America? That’s a question hard to answer. Hard because there’s no conclusive definition of poverty. Low income ma

Who’s poor in America? That’s a question hard to answer. Hard because there’s no conclusive definition of poverty. Low income ma

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问题     Who’s poor in America? That’s a question hard to answer. Hard because there’s no conclusive definition of poverty. Low income matters, though how low is unclear. Poverty is also a state of mind that fosters self-defeating behavior—bad work habits, family breakdowns, and addictions. Finally, poverty results from bad luck: accidents, job losses, disability.
    Despite poverty’s messiness, we’ve measured progress against it by a single statistic: the federal poverty line. By this measure, we haven’t made much progress. But the apparent lack of progress is misleading for two reasons.
    First, it ignores immigration. Many immigrants are poor and low-skilled. They add to the poor. From 1989 to 2007, about three quarters of the increase in the poverty population occurred among Hispanics(西班牙裔美国人) —mostly immigrants and their children.
    Second, the poor’s material well-being has improved. The official poverty measure obscures this by counting only pre-tax cash income and ignoring other sources of support, including food stamps and housing subsidies. Although many poor live from hand to mouth, they’ve participated in rising living standards. In 2005, 91% had microwaves, 79% air-conditioning, and 48% cell phones.
    The existing poverty line could be improved by adding some income sources and subtracting some expenses. Unfortunately, the administration’s proposal for a "supplemental poverty measure" in 2011 goes beyond that. The new poverty number would compound public confusion. It also raises questions about whether the statistic is tailored to favor a political agenda.
    The "supplemental measure" ties the poverty threshold to what the poorest third of Americans spend on food, housing, clothing, and utilities. The actual threshold will probably be higher than today’s poverty line. Many Americans would find this curious; people get richer, but "poverty" stays stuck.
    What produces this outcome is a different view of poverty. The present concept is an absolute one: the poverty threshold reflects the amount estimated to meet basic needs. By contrast, the new measure embraces a relative notion of poverty: people are automatically poor if they’re a given distance from the top, even if their incomes are increasing.
    The new indicator is a "propaganda device" to promote income redistribution by showing that poverty is stubborn or increasing. The Census Bureau has estimated statistics similar to the administration’s proposal. In 2008, the traditional poverty rate was 13. 2%; estimates of the new statistic range up to 17%. The new poverty statistic exceeds the old, and the gap grows larger over time.
    As senator Daniel Moynihan said, the administration is defining poverty up. It’s reasonable to debate how much we should aid the poor or reduce economic inequality. But the debate should not be swayed by misleading statistics that few Americans could possibly understand. Government statistics should strive for political neutrality. This one fails.
What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
选项 A、Poverty is very often defined as a state of mind.
B、Poverty is a problem hard to tackle in America.
C、Bad work habits and bad luck lead to poverty.
D、There is no consensus on the concept of poverty.
答案D
解析 段落主旨题。首段提到，美国哪些人属于穷人很难说，因为“贫穷”一词没有明确定义，更没有明确的收入标准；接着文章谈到“贫穷同样是一种心态，会助长自我挫败的行为”。可见首段一直在谈贫穷的含义。D项中concept of poverty为原文中definition of poverty的同义转述；no consensus为no conclusive definition以及unclear的同义转述。所以D项是对首段主旨的概括，故为正确答案。
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