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  3. Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, ha

Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, ha

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问题     Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period.
    Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as "solitary" and "individual theorists" were in reality connected to a movement—utopian socialism—which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women’s rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origin and development of nineteenth century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.
    The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group’s contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherent’s energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians’ appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.
    Saint-Simonian’s followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their Utopia.
    Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.
选项 A、insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls conference.
B、overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848.
C、insufficiently concerned with the social conditions out of which feminism developed.
D、insufficiently familiar with the international origins of 19th-century American feminist thought.
答案D
解析 推理判断题。本文第二段前两句指出"此外，美国女权主义的思想渊源一直是被掩盖的，因为即使历史学者确实考虑到发生在美国的女权主义思想和活动时，也没有认识到那时的女权主义实际上是一个以欧洲为中心的真正的国际运动。被称为‘单独的’和‘独特的’理论家的美国女权主义活动家实际上是同空想社会主义运动相联系的"。由此可以推出，作者认为那些把美国早期女权主义者称为"单独的"女权主义活动家的历史学家实际上并未充分了解19世纪美国女权主义思想的国际渊源，这正是答案的内容。
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