首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Some rituals of modern domestic living vary little throughout the developed world. One such is the municipal refuse collection,
Some rituals of modern domestic living vary little throughout the developed world. One such is the municipal refuse collection,
admin
2016-01-30
51
问题
Some rituals of modern domestic living vary little throughout the developed world. One such is the municipal refuse collection, usually once a week, your rubbish bags or the contents of your bin disappear into the bowels of a special lorry and are carted away to the local tip. To economists, this ceremony is peculiar, because in most places it is free. Yes, households pay for the service out of local taxes. 【R6】______Yet the marginal cost of rubbish disposal is not zero at all. The more people throw away, the more rubbish collectors and trucks are needed, and the more the local council has to pay in landfill and tipping fees.
【R7】______But as Don Fullerton and Thomas Kinnaman, two American economists, have found, this seemingly easy application of economic sense to an everyday problem has surprisingly intricate and sometimes disappointing results. In the past few years, several American towns and cities have started charging households for generating rubbish. The commonest system is to sell stickers or tags which householders attach to rubbish bags or cans. Only bags with these labels are picked up in the weekly collection.
In the paper published last year Fullerton and Kinnaman studied the effects of one such scheme, introduced in July 1992 in Charlottesville, Virginia, a town of about 40,000 people. Residents were charged 80 cents for each sticker. This may sound like the sensible use of market forces. In fact, the authors conclude, the schemes benefits did not cover the cost of printing stickers, the sticker sellers commissions, and the wages of the people running the scheme. 【R8】______
This is inefficient: compacting is done better by machines at landfill sites than by individuals, however enthusiastically. The weight of rubbish collected in Charlottesville fell by a modest 14% .
【R9】______The one bright spot in all this seems to have been a 15% increase in the weight of materials recycled, suggesting that people chose to recycle free rather than pay to have their refuse carted away. But the fee may have little to do with the growth in recycling, as many citizens were already participating in Charlottesville’s voluntary recycling scheme.
【R10】______To discourage dumping, for instance, local councils might have to spend more on catching litters, or raise fines for littering, or cut the price of legitimate rubbish collection.
A. True, the number of bags or cans collected did fall sharply, by 37% between May and September 1992. But rather than buy more tags, people simply crammed more garbage — about 40% more into each container.
B. This looks like the most basic of economic misunderstandings: if rubbish disposal is free, people will produce too much rubbish. The obvious economic solution is to make households pay the marginal cost of disposing of their waste. That will give them an incentive to throw out less and recycle more.
C. City authorities are now considering a project to teach Government waste collectors the skills, such as what rubbish to collect and how to classify it. If approved, the project will help ease the financial burden of the city’s waste treatment.
D. It would be foolish to generalize from this one case, but the moral is clear, economic incentives sometimes produce unforeseen responses.
E. Less pleasing still, some people resorted to illegal dumping rather than pay to have their rubbish removed. This is hard to measure directly. But the authors, observing that a few households in the sample stopped putting rubbish out, guess that illegal dumping may account for 30% — 40% of the reduction in collected rubbish. F. But at the margin the price is zero: the family that fills four bins with rubbish each week pays no more than the elderly couple that fills one.
【R8】
选项
答案
A
解析
上下文语义。本题空格出现在段末,应承上启下。窄格处的内容也应符合这个主题,即说明向家庭收费的方式效果不佳。符合该内容的有选项A。A选项直接提到tags(标签),指出使用标签收费后,表面上垃圾袋少了,实际上是每个垃圾容器里塞的垃圾多了。这当然是在说明收费方式并没有多大实际效果。此外选项A也使下文的内容明朗起来。
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/GBGO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Nixonwasamanoflimitedmeans,andwhenhewonhisSenateseat,agroupofbusinessmenhadpubliclysolicitedfundstoenable
Thesenotes,whicharerelevanttointernationalstudents,areintendedtosupplementinformationgivenintheGuideandshould
The______amongsttheworld’sscientistsisthattheworldislikelytowarmupoverthenextfewdecades.
TheeventsofSept.11haveratchetedupsecurityatAmericanairportstothehighestlevelever,accordingtoaspokesmanforT
ThehistoryofAfrican—Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated【C1】______anongoingstraggleagainst【C
Bothpoliceofficersandhighofficialsherearesusceptibletocorruption(清华大学2006年试题)
Forthispart,youareallowed45minutestowriteashortessayofabout300wordsonthetopicbelow.Giveatitletoyouress
Readingbooksisahabitthatispopularly【C1】______bymoreandmorepeople.Itbenefitsourlivesbyimprovingourknowledgeto
Althoughthenuclearradiationproblemsremainunsolved,thegovernment’semphasishasbeen______fromuncleartocoal.
尽管我们对“学习”的理解不尽完善,然而我们对此已有不少了解。“学习”可以呈现不同的形式,也可以在许多情况下进行。一般来说,“学习”必然会引起行为的变化。“学习”导致人们行为发生变化时,这种变化常能持久。“学习”也许意味着对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序
随机试题
百白破三联疫苗属于
个人申请注册登记为财务顾问主办人的,应当符合的条件有()。 Ⅰ.具有证券从业资格 Ⅱ.具备中国证监会规定的投资银行业务经历 Ⅲ.未负有数额较大到期未清偿的债务 Ⅳ.最近36个月无违反诚信的不良记录
影像增强器的大视野转为小视野时的图像变化是
尤善治风湿痹证属下部寒湿者的药物是
《招标拍卖挂牌出让国有建设用地使用权规定》规定,()应当根据土地估价结果和政府产业政策综合确定标底或者底价。
根据《保险法》的规定,保险合同的当事人为()。
因为销售毛利率是企业销售净利率的基础,所以销售毛利率高,也就意味着销售净利率也较高。( )
下列关于企业价值评估的表述中,正确的有()。
从所给的四个选项中,选择最合适的一个填入问号处,使之呈现一定的规律性。
宋初为强化皇帝对司法权的控制,增设的机构包括()(2014年非法学综合课多选第62题)
最新回复
(
0
)