The most common kind of consolidation today is ______. The system connected markets from coast to coast and raised sales ______

The most common kind of consolidation today is the merger. A merger occurs when two or more companies get together to form one company.
  With the deregulation of natural gas, the nation’s 20 interstate pipeline companies became fearful of cut-throat competition. Some felt that they could increase their efficiency and improve their market flexibility by merging. In 1985 Internorth of Omaha paid ＄2.3 billion for Houston Natural Gas Corporation, thereby gaining control of the world’s longest pipeline. The system connected markets from coast to coast and raised sales to ＄10 billion.
On occasion, mergers have occurred between smaller companies in an industry dominated by a few giant firms. These smaller companies claim that they need to merge to become more efficient and effective. They maintain that such action increases competition instead of reducing it. The Antitrust Division of the Justice Department has not always agreed with them.
Four major waves of mergers have taken place in this country. The first started in 1887, just prior to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and ended in 1904. It involved such giants as United States Steel and Standard Oil trying to create monopolies in their industries. From the end of World War I until the 1930s, large firms swallowed smaller firms to create oligopolies. The monopoly has no chance and the oligopoly little chance of succeeding today under present antitrust policy.
The third major merger movement began in the 1960s, reached a peak in 1969, and then gradually declined. Many of the acquisitions involved giant firms in one industry buying up large companies in totally unrelated industries. Such mergers are called conglomerate mergers. A classic example is Mobil Oil Corporation’s purchase of the huge retail chain Montgomery Ward & Company.
Mergers in the last ten years were in the thousands. More important is the value of the transactions, which has risen sharply. The number of mergers and acquisitions apply only to those valued at ＄100 million or more. The petroleum industry had mergers and acquisitions valued at closed to ＄80 billion between 1981 and 1984. Other industries experiencing large takeovers were banking and finance, insurance, mining and mineral, and processed foods.