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  3. A. The Responsibility of Companies to Reduce Waste B. Means Adopted to Reduce Household Waste C. The Drawbacks of Fly-ti

A. The Responsibility of Companies to Reduce Waste B. Means Adopted to Reduce Household Waste C. The Drawbacks of Fly-ti

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问题     A. The Responsibility of Companies to Reduce Waste
    B. Means Adopted to Reduce Household Waste
    C. The Drawbacks of Fly-tipping
    D. Producers’ Effort on Waste Reduction
    E. Obstacles to the New Programme
    F. The Role Consumers Play in Reducing Waste
    G. The Significance of Generating Less Rubbish
    Until recently most people in the waste industry had assumed that it was impossible to reduce the amount being produced and were concentrating on putting the stuff to better use. But lately that assumption has been challenged. For one thing, the pace at which the rich world churns out rubbish has been slowing.
    【C1】______.
    Reducing the amount of waste being produced makes a great deal of sense, provided it does not cost more, in either environmental or financial terms, than disposing of it in the usual way. Governments hope it might help to trim both greenhouse-gas emissions and waste-management costs. But they are not sure how best to encourage it.
    【C2】______
    Some are trying to persuade consumers to throw away less. The simplest method is to collect the rubbish less often. In areas of Britain where the dustmen come round only every other week, recycling rates are 10% higher than elsewhere. Another tactic is to make households pay by volume for the rubbish they generate, rather than through a flat fee or through local taxes. Many places in Europe, America and Asia have adopted "pay-as-you-throw" schemes. About a quarter of Americans live in communities with such programmes. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reckons that they reduce the volume of rubbish by 14-27% and increase recycling(which usually remains free)by 32-59%.
    【C3】______.
    However, there are drawbacks. 1%-tipping—the illegal dumping of waste—tends to rise slightly as people try to avoid paying. And householders generally grumble a lot if they have to pay extra to have their rubbish collected. In addition, most local authorities have simply decided against the idea. When the British government offered them money to experiment with pay-as-you-throw schemes earlier this year, no one signed up.
    【C4】______.
    Businesses are generally seen as a softer target than consumers. It can be argued that manufacturers bear some responsibility for the amount of waste rich countries produce. They often have an incentive to reduce waste anyway, since most already pay for disposal by volume. There is even a name for the steady reduction in materials used to make the same goods: "lightweighting". It is not only electronic gadgets that have become smaller and lighter over the years even as their performance has improved but many other things too, from cars to plastic bags.
    【C5】______.
    In theory, consumers could steer firms towards waste reduction by buying products that are easy to recycle. To some extent this is happening. Tesco’s Alasdair. James says British consumers rank the environment as their third priority after price and convenience. Further, if governments oblige manufacturers to include the cost of disposal in their prices, firms will pass those costs on to consumers, who will have an incentive to buy the products that are the easiest to dispose of.
    Many governments are currently trying to give greenery an extra push with compulsory waste-reduction schemes. Thirty-six states in America, for example, charge for the disposal of tyres. The states spend the money on clean-up programmes or pay others to run such programmes. Many of the tyres are blended into road surfaces or burned in cement kilns. Several other states have "advance recovery fees" for computer monitors and televisions. All this should provide a spur to the waste industry and speed the adoption of new technology.
【C3】
选项
答案E
解析 段首信息词however提示该段与上一段落形成转折关系，且段末复现上文提及的pay-as-you-throw schemes，故可判断文中的drawbacks，avoid paying，decide against，no one signed up等信息词均指向此方案。E项中的obstacles与文中信息词对应，而new programme则指代pay-as-you-throw schemes。故为正确答案。
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