2. 考研
  3. Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. T

Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. T

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问题     Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions "What happened?" and "How did it happen?" have given way to the question "Why did it happen?" Prominent among the methods used to answer the question "Why" is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.
    Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho-historians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence; that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method; that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theories. Psycho-historians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories are also convinced that theirs is the "deepest" explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.
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答案 凡是注意最近历史文献的人都能证明历史研究领域正在进行着一场革命。目前最流行的题材直接来源于社会学领域：童年时期、工作、休闲。伴随着新题材的是新的研究方法。过去的历史主要是叙述性的，现在则完全变成分析性的了。过去的问题是“发生了什么?”和“怎么发生的?”，现在则转向了“为什么会发生?”。在用来回答“为什么”这一问题的方法中，最突出的是心理分析，而对这种方法的使用则导致了心理历史学的兴起。 心理历史学不仅仅在历史情境下使用心理学解释。一直以来，历史学家也总是在适当并有足够证据为其提供依据时使用这样的解释。但这种对心理学的实用主义应用并非心理历史学家的初衷。他们所信奉的不只是一般的心理学方法，而是弗洛伊德的精神分析法。这令历史学家无法用其惯常理解中应信奉的方法去研究历史。心理历史学不是从历史事件的详细记录及其影响中得出“事实”，而是通过对名垂史册的个人进行心理分析获取“事实”，也并非从这些创造历史的人物一生中这个或那个事例中演绎出理论，而是从超越历史的人类本性的角度来推导理论。它否定关于历史证据的基本准则，即：这些证据是公开的，因此所有历史学家都能获取。此外，它还违反了历史研究方法的基本原则，即：历史学家应警惕可能驳倒其理论的反面事例。因为心理历史学家深信自己的理论绝对正确，且确信他们的理论是对任何事件“最深刻”的解释，而其他解释都与事实不符。
解析     pragmatic包含“实用的”和“实用主义的”两个义项，结合语境可知，作者这里使用的是偏贬义的“实用主义的”这一义项，因此将pragmatic use译为“实用主义应用”更能体现作者的情感色彩和态度。intend为动词，意为“打算，想要”，翻译时需转换词性，译为名词“初衷”，用词简洁，令语句更通顺。
    这句话中包含两个commitment，第一个在上文已经提到，因此使用指示代词“这”指代，避免重复；第二个commitment与to history连用，构成一个整体，结合上下文语境可知，本文讨论的核心内容便是“历史研究方法”，也就是说这里表示的是“研究历史所信奉的方法”，翻译时需要增译“研究”一词，使句意完整。
    Psycho-historians是主语，“convinced of…theories”这部分是主语的后置定语，由于其内容较复杂，不适宜处理为前置修饰语，再加上这部分与谓语部分“are also convinced that…”内容上存在并列关系，因此翻译时将其处理为短句，用表示并列的连接词“且”连接谓语部分。fall short of是固定搭配，意思是“达不到；缺乏”，其宾语为truth(事实)，因此翻译时取“与……不符”这个释义，语言更地道。上句中指出了心理历史学违反了历史研究方法“历史学家应警惕可能驳倒其理论的反面事例”的基本原则，本句详细指出了其违反基本原则的具体体现，是对前面内容的进一步解释说明，因此翻译时添加“因为”一词，表明本句与前文的关系。
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