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  3. The earliest evidence of standardized testing based on merit comes from China during the Han dynasty. The concept of a state rul

The earliest evidence of standardized testing based on merit comes from China during the Han dynasty. The concept of a state rul

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问题     The earliest evidence of standardized testing based on merit comes from China during the Han dynasty. The concept of a state ruled by men of ability and virtue was an outgrowth of Confucian philosophy. Standardized testing has not traditionally been a part of European pedagogy. Based on the skeptical and open-ended tradition of debate inherited from Ancient Greece, Western academia favored the essay. The use of standardized testing in the United States is a 20th century phenomenon with its origins in World War I.
    One of the main advantages of standardized testing is that the results can be empirically documented ; therefore the test scores can be shown to have a relative degree of validity and reliability, as well as results which are generalizable and replicable. This is often contrasted with grades on a school transcript, which are assigned by individual teachers. Another advantage is aggregation. A well designed standardized test provides an assessment of an individual’s mastery of a domain of knowledge or skill which at some level of aggregation will provide useful information.
    Though many educators recognize that standardized tests have a place in tools used to assess student achievement, critics feel that overuse and misuse of these tests is having serious negative consequences on teaching and learning. The temptation is to use the tests to define curriculum and focus instruction. What is not tested is not taught, and how the subject is tested becomes a model for how to teach the subject.  Moreover, standardized test scores are problematic tools for school accountability because the examinee scores are influenced by three things: what kids learn in school, what kids learn outside of school, and innate intelligence. Critics believe this is not possible. While it is possible to use a standardized test and not let its limits control curriculum and instruction, this can result in a school putting itself at risk for producing lower test scores, with negative political consequences.
    Some critics say that some children do not do well on standardized tests, despite mastery of the material, due to testing anxiety or lack of time management or test-taking skills. This reflects the fact that tests cannot directly measure student knowledge, only the ability of students to apply knowledge in a stressful situation.
    Some parents are willing to pay thousands of dollars to prepare their children for tests, a financial barrier that may give children of more wealthy parents an advantage compared to less affluent families. However this criticism would probably apply even more to testing alternatives such as portfolios or essays. Many studies also show that test coaching has little effect on scores on well-buih tests. The ability of wealthy families to pay for higher-quality education is not specifically related to standardized testing.
What is the main idea of paragraph 5 ?
选项 A、We should have more testing alternatives other than standardized ones.
B、The effectiveness of test coaching varies from student to student.
C、The wealthy families have the right for better education.
D、The growing influence of test preparation is also a concern for some.
答案D
解析 段落大意题；第五段提到了家长对于孩子的备考舍得花费大笔的资金，这样导致了备考过程中的不公平等一系列问题以及作者对于一些批评声音的个人观点和态度。比较4个选项，D选项的表述和原文讨论的问题最贴切。A选项不符合原文中“this criticism would probably apply even mote to testing alternatives”这样的观点。B选项所论述的内容在原文中并没有出现，属于无关选项。C选项来自原文“The ability of wealthy families to pay for higher-quality education is not specifically related to standardized testing”这样的表达，但是原文是在就事论事地指出优越的家庭条件导致的对更高质量的教育的追求并不能归咎于标准化测试，而C选项则是主观的态度，认为这些家庭就是有享受更好的教育的权利。
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