首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Young child
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Young child
admin
2014-11-29
78
问题
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Young children’s sense of identity
A A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and the self as an object. William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate. Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory.
B According to James, a child’s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that he labelled ’self-as-subject’, and he gave it various elements. These included an awareness of one’s own agency (i.e. one’s power to act), and an awareness of one’s distinctiveness from other people. These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers. Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people. For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to them.
C Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them. Many parents spend a lot of time, particularly in the early months, copying their infant’s vocalizations and expressions. In addition, young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements. This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development). However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. This is because they, and only they, can change the reflection in the mirror.
D This understanding that children gain of themselves as active agents continues to develop in their attempts to co-operate with others in play. Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and interactions that the child’s understanding of his- or herself emerges. Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly.
E Once children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin to place themselves in a whole series of categories, which together play such an important part in defining them uniquely as ’themselves’. This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the ’self-as-object’. This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother, colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).
F Cooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a person’s own understanding of their identity and other people’s understanding of it. Cooley believed that people build up their sense of identity from the reactions of others to them, and from the view they believe others have of them. He called the self-as-object the ’looking-glass self, since people come to see themselves as they are reflected in others. Mead (1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: "The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience ... it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.’
G Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important developmental milestone is reached when children become able to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs around their second birthday. In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) dabbed some red powder on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror, and then observed how often they touched their noses. The psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what they usually looked like, they would be surprised by the unusual red mark and would start touching it. On the other hand, they found that children of 15 to 18 months are generally not able to recognize themselves unless other cues such as movement are present.
H Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in general can be seen in the displays of rage which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children’s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ’self and of ’ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
the role of imitation in developing a sense of identity
选项
答案
C
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/EDNO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeexpressedastheproductofexactly3consecutivepositiveintegers?
Whichofthefollowingisequaltoanintegerraisedtothethirdpower?
Whichofthefollowinginequalitiesisanalgebraicexpressionfortheshadedpartofthenumberlineabove?
Peopleshouldnottakegoodconstitutionforgranted,forhumangeneticcodeis______thedevelopmentof______.
Theword"civilization"wasjustcomingintouseinthe18thcentury,inFrenchandinEnglish,whenconservativemenofletters
ReadingtheepicknowntousastheIliadisvastlydifferentfromthe______experienceofhearingandseeingitperformed,fori
African-Americanfilmmakersshouldbeinanenviableposition,forsincetheearly1990stherehasbeenasteadywaveof
(Thispassagewaswrittenpriorto1950)Wenowknowthatwhatconstitutespracticallyallofmatterisemptyspa
(Thispassagewaswrittenpriorto1950)Wenowknowthatwhatconstitutespracticallyallofmatterisemptyspa
随机试题
患者,男,58岁。慢支、肺心病,近2天因感冒而气急,咳嗽,痰不易咳出,体温38.9℃,脉搏110次/min,呼吸24次/min,口唇紫绀,两下肢浮肿,患者情绪不稳定,对疾病缺乏正确认识。用上述要求吸氧,其目的是防止
患儿,7岁。8月10日发病出现高热、头痛、呕吐1次,次日排稀便2次,精神不振,晚间开始抽搐、神志不清。体检:体温39.5℃,急性病容,脉充实有力,颈有抵抗,克氏征阳性,布氏征阳性,肌张力高,血白细胞15×109/L,粪镜检白细胞每高倍视野0~2个,脑脊液检
机体内尿素主要在哪个器官内合成
A.10个月B.1岁半C.1岁8个月D.2岁半E.3岁正常小儿前囟闭合最晚的年龄是
具有疏肝理气、和中化痰作用的是具有破气消积、化痰除痞作用的是
手术中防止低体温的措施有
Aninvestigationbythecommitteeuncovered_______instancesinwhichtheinstitution’sresourceshadbeenmisused.
岗位规范的内容不包括()。
世界经济正处在一个十字路口。自2008年国际金融危机以来,世界各大经济体几乎用遍传统的货币和财政手段,但收效甚微,反而加剧了贫富差距等一系列经济社会问题,导致民粹主义兴起,逆全球化思潮苗头凸显。对中国来说,解决一切经济社会问题的关键是
A、Thatblueshirt,please.B、No,youcan’tdoanythingforme.C、Yes,youcan.A
最新回复
(
0
)