首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Visual Perspective Perspective in art is the way that artists represent three-dimensional objects on the two dimensions of their
Visual Perspective Perspective in art is the way that artists represent three-dimensional objects on the two dimensions of their
admin
2017-12-07
63
问题
Visual Perspective
Perspective in art is the way that artists represent three-dimensional objects on the two dimensions of their canvas. There are two kinds of perspective and they occupy important roles in the art history.
I.【T1】_____ perspective【T1】______
The way that the【T2】_____ affects how we see things,【T2】______
especially distant things
Makes a mountain in the distance appear to be less【T3】_____【T3】______
than closer object
Application:
A. Realistic artists: reproduce
B.【T4】_____: create their own special effects【T4】______
II. Linear perspective
the more【T5】_____ things are, the smaller they seem to get【T5】______
Example:【T6】_____; a line of telephone poles【T6】______
III. "The vanishing point"
Objects get smaller and smaller as they recede,
until they vanish in a point on the【T7】_____【T7】______
Objects or scenes may have more than one vanishing point:
A. A cube with one of its faces squarely perpendicular to us Single vanishing point: directly behind it and on the horizon
B. A cube with one of its【T8】_____facing us【T8】______
Two vanishing points:
one for the right-hand face; one for the left-hand face
C. A cube viewed from somewhat【T9】_____【T9】______
Three vanishing points:
one to the right, one to the left, and a third one behind it IV. The history of perspective in art
Early western art:
Artists recognized the effect but failed to present it
Example: the paintings inside【T10】_____【T10】______
the illustrations in【T11】_____ Christian churches【T11】______
13th and 14th century Reverse perspective
【T12】_____:【T12】______
A Linear perspective
1)Brunelleschi: conducted several【T13】_____ experiments【T13】______
and discovered the rules of perspective
Example: a(n)【T14】_____ of San Giovanni Bapistery【T14】______
2)Donatello: began using accurate linear perspective; spread it throughout Europe
B. Aerial perspective
Flemish and【T15】_____ masters: developed the idea【T15】______
Example: Jan van Eyck’s "The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin"
【T15】
Visual Perspective
Good morning, everyone. Today, I want to start with a look at visual perspective. First, we’ll look briefly at the kinds of perspective, and then we’ll look very quickly at its history in art. Just in case you don’t know what we’re discussing— perspective in art is the way that artists represent three-dimensional objects on the two dimensions of their canvas.
There are two basic sorts of visual perspective—aerial perspective and linear perspective.[1]Aerial perspective—and "aerial" just means "air" or "atmospheric", not your view from an airplane![2]—aerial perspective is the way that the atmosphere affects how we see things, especially distant things.[3]I won’t try to go into the laws of physics that are involved here, but it is aerial perspective that makes a mountain in the distance appear to be a different color, that makes it seem hazier—less distinct—than closer objects. These are effects that realistic artists attempt to reproduce carefully.[4]And impressionists also use it to create their own special effects. Just think of many of Turner’s landscapes—or cityscapes like his "Dido Building Carthage"—to get an idea of how the air can affect what we see.
[4]The other perspective, linear perspective, is the way that things seem to get smaller the farther away they get.[6]A classic example of this is the way we perceive railroad tracks or a line of telephone poles running away from us.[7]They seem to get smaller and smaller as they recede—until they vanish in a point on the horizon—and this point is appropriately called "the vanishing point". This effect happens whenever there are parallel lines, like the two train tracks, or the tops and bottoms of the telephone poles.
Now, an object or a scene may have more than one vanishing point. A cube with one of its faces squarely perpendicular to us has a single vanishing point, directly behind it and on the horizon.[8]But a cube with one of its vertical edges facing us has two vanishing points instead—one for the right-hand face and one for the left-hand face, and these points are off to the right and left respectively, on the horizon, where the parallel lines of the faces seem to converge.[9]And then if this same cube is viewed from somewhat above or below, it will have three vanishing points—one to the right, one to the left, and a third one behind it and below or above the horizon. This is easy to visualize if you look up at a corner building from its street intersection. You can look down one street to see the right-hand vanishing point, look down the cross-street to see the left-hand vanishing point, and then look up along the corner of the building to visualize the third vanishing point.
These kinds of perspective are easy to see if we view geometrical shapes or manmade structures, but of course natural scenes don’t have any sets of parallel lines, so they have no vanishing points—but that doesn’t mean that they don’t exhibit perspective. OK So much for the two perspectives, now a bit of history about the perspectives. The laws of optics were not understood at all in early Western art. Artists recognized the effect, of course, but they were unable to figure out how to represent it accurately.[10]/[11]From the paintings inside the Egyptian pyramids to the illustrations in medieval Christian churches, nearer people were simply drawn larger, or drawn lower in the picture, or drawn so as to cover the people farther away. There was no real understanding of how the physics of perception worked—they never got a grasp on the idea of the vanishing point.
In the 13th and 14th centuries, before linear perspective was discovered, artists occasionally employed something called reverse perspective, in which parallel lines splay rather than converge as they approach the horizon line. One of the rules set forth in an early artists’ manual is that elements above the eye of the viewer tend downward, while elements below the viewer’s eye tend upward. While arbitrary tilting of lines upward and downward can create unusual effects, this is generally considered to be a significant step in the progression toward the rational application of linear perspective.
[12]And then came the Renaissance, the rebirth of learning and the sciences. This was a hotbed of scientific thought—Da Vinci, Galileo, Newton and Filippo Brunelleschi.[13]Brunelleschi was a fifteenth century Florentine architect who conducted several optical experiments and discovered the rules of perspective. With what he’d learned,[14]he drew a very accurate picture of San Giovanni Bapistery in Florence, and then he made a small peep hole in the middle of it. He carried it into the street and amazed all his acquaintances by having them look through the peep hole from the back of his picture—first, at a mirror which reflected the image into the viewer’s line of sight. Then, Brunelleschi would quickly withdraw the mirror—leaving the viewer peeping at the real Bapistery, whose perspective had been replicated perfectly!
Other Italian artists, notably Donatello, began using Brunelleschi’s methods for accurate linear perspective and his ideas soon spread throughout Europe.[15]The development of effective aerial perspective, on the other hand, was developed by the Flemish and Dutch masters of this same period, and can be seen at its best in works like Jan van Eyck’s "The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin". But that’s another story.
OK I have outlined the two perspectives for you and I also talked about the history of the development of perspectives. Next time, we shall go to the workshop of drafting some drawings with the help of perspectives.
选项
答案
Dutch
解析
在文艺复兴时期,一些佛兰德和荷兰的艺术大师也开始利用空中透视法。本题的答案为Dutch。
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/DrsK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
EnglishEssayAsthebeginningofaseriesoflecturesonessaywriting,IwilldiscusswithyouabouthowtowriteagoodEngl
Researchonlanguagelearningstrategiesstartedinthe1970s.Forthemostpart,theprogressincognitivepsychologyhadagre
Researchonlanguagelearningstrategiesstartedinthe1970s.Forthemostpart,theprogressincognitivepsychologyhadagre
WhatIsLiteraryWriting?I.DistinguishingfeaturesofliterarywritingA.Primarilydistinguishable【T1】:【T1】______—creativ
WhatIsLiteraryWriting?I.DistinguishingfeaturesofliterarywritingA.Primarilydistinguishable【T1】:【T1】______—creativ
Thereareseveralpossiblerelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneiswhatsocialstructuremayeitherinfluenceordete
Non-VerbalCommunicationInthistalk,wearegoingtotalkaboutthedefinitionofnon-verbalcommunication,dimensionsof
Non-VerbalCommunicationInthistalk,wearegoingtotalkaboutthedefinitionofnon-verbalcommunication,dimensionsof
随机试题
A.上直肌B下直肌C.睫状肌D.外直肌E.瞳孔括约肌调节晶状体曲度的肌
席勒把艺术分为“美的艺术”和()
氨基酸与蛋白质共有的性质是
正确的刷手范围是
骨纤维异常增殖症典型的X线表现是
《医疗废物管理条例》中所称医疗废物,是指医疗卫生机构在医疗、预防、保健及其他相关活动中产生的()
孙某以张某构成诽谤罪向某县人民法院提起自诉。县人民法院受理本案后,决定对本案适用普通程序进行审理。在张某未被羁押的情况下,该法院立案后应在下列哪个时间内宣判?()
甲公司适用所得税税率为15%,其2016年发生的交易或事项中,会计与税法处理存在差异的事项如下:①当期购入作为可供出售金融资产核算的股票投资,期末公允价值大于取得成本160万元;②收到与资产相关政府补助1600万元,税法规定将其计入当期应纳税所得额,相关资
圆柱的表面积与球的表面积之比是3:2。(1)圆柱轴截面是正方形,且其边长与球的直径相等;(2)圆柱轴截面是长方形,长与宽的比为2:1,且其长与球的直径相等。
Onereactiontoalltheconcernabouttropicaldeforestationisablankstarethatasksthequestion,"SinceIdon’tliveinthe
最新回复
(
0
)