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  3. Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence

Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence

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问题    Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence of food reserves in the home, and a chronic shortage of cash. These conditions reduce the possibility of effective participation in the larger economic system. As a response to these conditions, we find in the culture of poverty a high incidence of pawning personal goods, borrowing from local money-lenders at higher rates of interest, spontaneous informal credit devices organized by neighbors, the use of second-hand clothing and furniture, and the pattern of frequent buying of small quantities of food many times a day as the need arises.
   People with a culture of poverty produce very little wealth and receive very little in return. They have a low level of literacy and education, usually do not belong to labor unions, are not members of political parties, generally do not participate in the national welfare agencies, and make very little use of banks, hospitals, department stores, museums or art galleries. They have a critical attitude toward some of the basic institutions of the dominant classes, hatred of the police, mistrust of government and those in high position, and a cynicism which extends even to the church. This gives the culture of poverty a high potential for protest and for being used in political movements aimed against the existing social order.
   People with a culture of poverty are aware of middle-class values, talk about them and even claim some of them as their own, but on the whole, they do not live by them. Thus, it is important to distinguish between what they say and what they do. For example, many will tell you that marriage by law, by the church, or by both is the ideal form of marriage, but few will marry. To men who have no steady jobs or other sources of income, who do not own property and have no wealth to pass on to their children, who are present-time-oriented and who want to avoid the expense and legal difficulties involved in formal marriage and divorce, free unions or consensual marriages make a lot of sense. Women will often turn down offers of marriage because they feel it ties them down to men who are immature, punishing and generally unreliable. Women feel that consensual union gives them a better break; it gives them some of the freedom and flexibility that men have. By not giving the fathers of their children legal status as husbands, the women have a stronger claim on their children if they decide to leave their men. It also gives women exclusive rights to a house or any other property they may own.
The word "literacy" underlined in Paragraph 2 refers to the ability to______.
选项 A、go to school
B、read and write
C、receive education
D、learn math
答案B
解析    词义界定。“Literacy”对多数考生而言不是生词，其词典的定义就是“the ability to read and write”(识字，读写能力)。即使不认识，也可以根据第二段这一句“They have a low level of literacy and education”(这些人的识字和教育水平都比较低)来猜测，并结合选项进行排除。【知识拓展】当需要界定词义的词是生词时，可以依据猜词技巧来猜词。也可以通过排除选项来寻找正确答案。如本题的literacy出现在句子“They have a low level of literacy and education”中，这里有三个可借鉴的线索：根据level(水平、层次)可以排除选项A和D，因为上学不存在水平问题，学习数学也不是层次问题；根据education可排除C，因为二者重复。这样，在解题时至少有三种选择：根据词汇量确定词义；根据技巧猜词：根据题干和选项排除错误选项。
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