2. 计算机
  3. Trust is typically interpreted as a subjective belief in the reliability，honesty and security of an entity on which we depend (

Trust is typically interpreted as a subjective belief in the reliability，honesty and security of an entity on which we depend (

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问题   Trust is typically interpreted as a subjective belief in the reliability，honesty and security  of an entity on which we depend (71)________________  our welfare．In online environments we depend on  a wide spectrum of things，ranging from computer hardware，software and data to people and  organizations．A security solution always assumes certain entities function according to  specific policies．To trust is precisely to make this sort of assumptions，hence，a trusted entity  is the same as an entity that is assumed to function according to policy. A consequence of this  is that a trusted component of a system must work correctly in order for the security of that  system to hold，meaning that when a trusted (72)________________  fails，then the systems and applications  that depend on it can  (73)________________  be considered secure．An often cited articulation of this  principle is：‘a trusted system or component is one that can break your security policy’(which  happens when the trusted system fails)．The same applies to a trusted party such as a service  provider(SP for short)，that is，it must operate according to the agreed or assumed policy in  order to ensure the expected level of security and quality of services．A paradoxical conclusion  to be drawn from this analysis is that security assurance may decrease when increasing the  number of trusted components and parties that a service infrastructure depends on．This is  because the security of an infrastructure consisting of many trusted components typically  follows the principle of the weakest link，that is，in many situations the overall security can  only be as strong as the least reliable or least secure of al l the trusted components．We cannot  avoid using trusted security components，but the fewer the better．This is important to  understand when designing the identity management architectures，that is，fewer the trusted  parties in an identity management model，stronger the security that can be achieved by it．
    The transfer of the social constructs of identity and trust into digital alld computational conceptshelpsindesigningandimplementinglarge scaleonlinemarketsandcommunities，and also  plays an important role in the converging mobile and Internet environments．Identity management  fdenoted IdM hereafter)is about recognizing and verifying the correctness of identities in online  environments．Trust management becomes a component of  (74)________________  whenever different parties  rely on each other for identity provision and authentication．IdM and trust management  therefore depend on each other in complex ways because the correctness of the identity itself  must be trusted for the quality and reliability of the corresponding entity to be trusted．IdM is  also an essential concept when defining authorisation policies in personalised services．
    Establishing trust always has a cost，so that having complex trust requirements  typically leads to high overhead in establishing the required trust．To reduce costs there  will be incentives for stakeholders to‘cut comers’regarding trust requirements，which  could lead to inadequate security．The challenge is tO design IdM systems with relatively  simple trust requirements．Cryptographic mechanisms are often a core component of IdM  solutions，for example，for entity and data authentication．With cryptography,it is often  possible to propagate trust from where it initially exists to where it is needed．The  establishment of initial  (75)________________  usually takes place in the physical world，and the subsequent  propagation of trust happens online，often in an automated manner．
选项 A、trust
B、cost
C、IdM
D、solution
答案A
解析     信任通常被解释为是对我们赖以生存的实体的可靠性、诚实性和安全性的一种主观信念。在在线环境中，我们依赖于各种各样的东西，从计算机硬件、软件和数据到人员和组织。安全解决方案总是根据特定的策略假定某些实体的功能。信任就是做出这种假设，因此，受信任的实体与根据策略假定起作用的实体是相同的。这样做的结果，就是系统的受信任组件必须正确工作，以保持该系统的安全性，这意味着当受信任组件发生故障时，依赖它的系统和应用程序将不再被视为安全的。该原则的一个经常被引用的表述是：“可信系统或组件是可以破坏您的安全策略的系统或组件”(当可信系统失败时会发生这种情况)。这同样适用于受信任方，如服务提供商(简称SP)。也就是说，为了确保预期的安全性和服务质量，它必须按照商定或假定的政策进行操作。从该分析中得出的一个矛盾结论是，当增加服务基础设施所依赖的受信任组件和参与方的数量时，安全保证可能会减少。这是因为由许多受信任组件组成的基础结构的安全性通常遵循最弱链接的原则，也就是说，在许多情况下，整体安全性只能与所有受信任组件中最不可靠或最不安全的部分一样强。我们不能避免使用可信的安全组件，但越少越好。在设计身份管理架构时，这一点很重要，也就是说，在身份管理模型中，受信任方越少，所能实现的安全性就越强。
    将身份和信任的社会结构转化为数字和计算概念有助于设计和实施大规模在线市场和社区，并在融合移动和互联网环境中发挥重要作用。身份管理(以下简称IDM)是关于识别和验证在线环境中身份的正确性。当不同的当事方在身份提供和认证方面相互依赖时，信任管理就成为IDM的一个组成部分。因此，IDM和信任管理以复杂的方式相互依赖，因为要信任相应实体的质量和可靠性，必须信任标识本身的正确性。在定义个性化服务中的授权策略时，IDM也是一个基本概念。
    建立信任总是有成本的，因此拥有复杂的信任需求通常会导致建立所需信任的高开销。为了降低成本，将鼓励利益相关者在信任要求方面“抄近路”，这可能导致安全性不足。挑战在于设计具有相对简单信任要求的IDM。系统。加密机制通常是IDM解决方案的核心组件，例如，用于实体和数据身份验证。使用密码学，通常可以将信任从最初存在的地方传播到需要信任的地方。初始信任的建立通常发生在物理世界中，随后的信任传播通常以自动化的方式在线进行。
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