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  3. Early anthropologists, following the theory that words determine thought, believed that language and its structure were entirel

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words determine thought, believed that language and its structure were entirel

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问题     Early anthropologists, following the theory that words
determine thought, believed that language and its structure were
entirely dependent on the cultural context which they existed. This【S1】______
was a logical extension of whatever is termed the Standard Social【S2】______
Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinite【S3】______
malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without
constraints from genetic or neurological factors.
    In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and【S4】______
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely【S5】______
arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum
separately. According to that hypothesis, the divisions seen between【S6】______
colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not
correspond with divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis【S7】______
is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for
snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards of two hundred.【S8】______
    Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which
is not much more than English speakers and should be expected【S9】______
since they exist in a cold climate. The color-relativity hypothesis
have now been completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and【S10】______
systematic studies which show a remarkable similarity between the
ways in which different cultures divide the spectrum.
【S4】
选项
答案given—giving
解析 非谓语动词误用。该句意为“人类学家凡尔纳·雷在20世纪50年代进行了一项研究，他给不同的美国印第安部落人不同的颜色样本……。”此处动词give作状语且是主动含义，应该用现在分词形式，故将given改为giving。
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