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  3. It’s disturbing to picture your kindergartner in a casino, but maybe you ought to try. American kids are born into a culture tha

It’s disturbing to picture your kindergartner in a casino, but maybe you ought to try. American kids are born into a culture tha

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问题     It’s disturbing to picture your kindergartner in a casino, but maybe you ought to try. American kids are born into a culture that loves its gambling, and the passion is only growing, as financial hardships sweeten the ever alluring prospect of a lucky break. The danger, of course, is that gambling can lead to compulsive gambling — and compulsive gambling can be a life wrecker. Now, a new study in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine suggests that it may be possible to spot the people most at risk when they’re as young as 5 years old.
    Problem gambling, like all addictions, is at least partly rooted in poor impulse control, and if there’s any place people make their want-it-now neediness known, it’s in kindergarten. Psychologist Linda Pagani of the Sainte-Justice University Hospital Research Center and the University of Montreal conducted a longitudinal study that began in 1999, when she assembled a sample group of 163 kindergartners with a median age of 5.5 years. The kids’ teachers filled out a questionnaire in which they rated each child’s degree of inattentiveness, distractibility and hyperactivity on a scale of 1 to 9. Pagani tallied the scores and then tucked the findings away.
    Six years later, she conducted follow-up interviews with the same children and asked whether any of them had begun gambling. The results were surprising. Although the kids were still a long way from being old enough for Vegas or the track, many admitted that they were already playing bingo, cards, video poker or other video games for money; buying lottery tickets; or placing bets on professional sports.
    "The majority of kids were not engaging in any of these activities," says Pagani, "but the fact that any of them were was unexpected."
    What struck Pagani most was how predictable the identities of the gamblers were. When she referred back to the ratings from kindergarten, she found that every one-unit increase on the impulsivity scale correlated with a 25% jump in the likelihood a child would be gambling by sixth grade. "The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual already refers to gambling specifically as an impulse-control disorder," she says, citing the official text that outlines diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. "And then there were our findings showing that."
    Knowing early on which children are headed for trouble can pay off in a number of ways. For one thing, it can help families wise up. Some of the parents of the kids in the study saw a little gambling as a minor thing, and a number of them even bought lottery tickets for their kids as a reward for good behavior. That, clearly, sends the wrong message. "Scratch-and-win games are for adults," Pagani says flatly.
    What’s more, not only can kids’ behavior benefit when impulse issues are spotted early on, so can their brains. Preschool is a time when the prefrontal lobes, which are the center of executive functions — and what Pagani and others call "effort control" — are just developing. The better the brain can be trained at this stage, the better it performs later in life. Pagan cites a 2007 study journal Science that showed that simple attention training taught in kindergarten improved focus and concentration in later years. "You can introduce a cost-effect program and reap enormous benefits," she says.
    Pagani plans to check in with the kids in her survey again in another six years when they’re finishing high school and preparing to enter the larger world — with its larger temptations. Even if they were born too late to benefit from her findings, she thinks other kids can.
    "We need to think of impulse-control training as a long-term investment plan," she says, "one that can lead to less addiction, less gambling, a lower dropout rate and lower unemployment." That’s a far bigger payoff than you’ll ever get playing blackjack or craps.
As to Pagani’s study, it can be inferred that
选项 A、Pagani’s 12-year longitudinal study on 163 kindergartners has ended.
B、the questionnaire is about students’ inattentiveness, scores, distractibility and hyperactivity.
C、the impulsivity scale has positive correlation with the likelihood of children’s gambling.
D、it is expected in the study that some kids were involved in gambling.
答案C
解析 推理判断题。第五段第二句讲到“当回顾孩子们在幼儿园的等级评定时，Pagani发现孩子的冲动性每增加一分，其在六年级从事赌博的可能性就会相应地增加25％”，可见冲动性和赌博的可能性是成正比关系，故答案为[C]。由第八段首句可知Pagani的试验并未结束，故排除[A]。由第二段倒数第二句可知问卷调查中只包括inattentiveness，distractibility and hyperactivity，不包括scores，故排除[B]。第四段Pagani说到“尽管大部分的孩子都不参与赌博活动，但是他们中有人进行赌博也是意料之外的”，故排除[D]。
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