首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Seven Types of Evidence It is important to learn to use evidence in argumentative writing, because without evidence, you can
Seven Types of Evidence It is important to learn to use evidence in argumentative writing, because without evidence, you can
admin
2010-04-28
78
问题
Seven Types of Evidence
It is important to learn to use evidence in argumentative writing, because without evidence, you can’t persuade anybody of anything. Usually seven types of evidence are used.
Ⅰ. Expert Testimony
Expert testimony is useful because it comes from somebody with special knowledge
and has been tested by others.
There are three kinds of expert testimony:
facts, informed opinions, and 1 . 【1】______.
The first two can be safely used in your writing, but the third may be dangerous,
because they are just what is possibly tree.
Ⅱ. 2 【2】______.
This refers to data that can reveal some information. Strong evidence of this type should
be valid, accurate, and 3 . 【3】______.
Ⅲ. Examples
Examples are widely used in our daily life.
Examples can serve three purposes. First, clarify meaning. Second, provide reason
for justification. Third, 4 . 【4】______.
Ⅳ. Personal Experience
Writer can use his own experience to support an argument,
But if the experience is 5 , 【5】______.
the argument will not be very forcefulⅤ. Analogy
Analogy is a comparison of apparently dissimilar things.
Analogy can make unfamiliar topics 6 , but k is not enough to prove anything.【6】______.
Ⅵ. Known Facts
Known facts are facts that are known to 7 . 【7】______.
They can be used as a type of evidence.
Ⅶ. Logic and Reasoning
Logic and reasoning may be used in two situations. One, 8 is not available.【8】______.
Two, the writer wants to strengthen the persuasiveness of his factual evidence.
Ⅷ. Three Criteria for Good Evidence;
1 relevant
2 9 【9】______.
3 10 【10】______.
【5】
Seven Types of Evidence
Good morning. Today we will talk about how to use evidence in writing. In much of your college writing, you will try to persuade your readers to see things your way. Without good evidence to support your ideas, you will hardly persuade anyone of anything. So today we’ll look at seven kinds of evidence that are widely used in argumentative writing.
The first type of evidence is expert testimony. An expert is someone who has special skill and knowledge based on careful study and wide experience in a certain area. More than that, an expert has tested his or her skill and knowledge in a public forum.
Once your opinion is firm, you can use expert testimony to support it. To use expert testimony wisely, you need to be both respectful and critical. You will need to differentiate among three kinds of evidence that experts provide: facts, informed opinions, and speculations. Generally, you can use facts and informed opinions, but must be cautious with speculations. This is because speculations are just what one person thinks is plausible, so they should be treated as something that could be true.
The second type of evidence is statistics. Statistics are numerical data gathered and tabulated to yield information. Whether they are raw data or translated into charts and figures, numbers are powerful evidence. If they are properly used, data can prove a claim rapidly and conclusively. When a survey shows that 95 per cent of senior students are satisfied with the courses they have taken at a university, we can persuade readers that the university is a good one.
But you must he careful with numbers. Only when the data are valid, accurate and up to date can they really sup port your point. So when you want to use data, examine carefully before putting them down in your article
Next comes the third evidence, examples. Every day you use examples as evidence for your claims. You might write to your parents, "Sorry I haven’t written much but I’ve been very busy. I spent last week in the library, bent over the books studying for two midterms." In this case, you establish your claim and back it up with a specific example.
Examples serve three purposes. First, they clarify meaning. Your parents may not know exactly what you mean by busy until you show them. Second, examples demonstrate why, at least in one instance, you are justified in making your claim. Studying for two midterms does sound like being busy. Third, examples make for entertaining reading. Abstractions are dry. Claiming that you are busy isn’t very interesting. But the image of you bent intently over a book probably pleases your parents, who may now forgive you for not writing.
The fourth type of evidence is personal experience. If we actually experience something directly, we don’t need experts or statistics to back us up. Although we know that our experience is not totally reliable, we trust our senses and our ability to understand our personal experience. And in some cases, our own experience can persuade readers to accept our statement.
In complex matters, however, be aware of jumping to conclusions based on limited personal experience. Your experience may help to explain, but it cannot prove a more general thesis. Knowing someone who cheats on her income tax does not prove that the problem with income tax cheaters is pervasive. Even if you know five or ten or twenty cheaters, all that proves is that you are unlucky in your acquaintances. For such a complex subject, you need more than personal experience. You need statistics and expert interpretation.
Analogy is the fifth type of evidence on our list. An analogy is a comparison of apparently dissimilar things, and its purpose is to illuminate one thing by showing how it is like and not like the other. If well used, an analogy can make an abstract, unfamiliar topic easy to understand. For example, if a writer wants to directly persuade readers that it is our work that determines our social role, he would face a tough task. But analogy can help him out. Here is his analogy:
Human beings in a society are like the bees in a hive. Each person’s identity is determined by his or her place in the overall system. Like drones, no one has any identity but the work he or she does. And if one doesn’t work, he will be kicked out of the society just like a drone out of the hive.
However, analogies should be used with caution. To tile extent that analogies make a point easy to see, they are evidence. But they don’t prove the point--they can never be sufficient evidence for a complex idem
After analogy, let’s look at the next type of evidence, known facts. When writing, you can safely assume that you and your readers share a vast body of facts and beliefs. You don’t need to point out Columbus arrived in America in 1492, or that China has a history as long as 5,000 years. But these facts can be used as evidence in your writing.
The last type of evidence we usually use is logic and reasoning. In some cases, we use them because we can’t find any other factual evidence. And in some cases where we can find factual evidence, reasoning can make our argument more persuasive. People in China believe that good argument should appeal to both sense and sensibility, which means that both factual evidence and reasoning are necessary.
OK, these are the seven types of evidence. Before we end today’s lecture, I would talk about three criteria for good evidence. First, good evidence should be relevant. It should speak directly to the point. You should select particular evidence because it supports the point, not because it is novel or comic. Second, good evidence should he representative. It should represent its source or the situation it describes. Last, good evidence should be accurate. It is the writer’s duty to ensure the accuracy of the evidence, In order to do this, you must check the evidence carefully, and present it in your writing carefully.
Well, with that, we will end today’s lecture. We hope that you now understand evidence better, and we look forward to seeing well-supported articles from you in the future.
选项
答案
too limited/too narrow/too insufficient
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/AxqO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
IwantthisnewschoolyeartobeagoodoneformystudentsastheylearnabouteverythingfromcalculustoShakespearetofail
TheUnitedNationsHumanRightsCouncilwasformerSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnan’sdreamchild:anew,strongerinstitutiontore
A、Attendingasalesconference.B、Waitingforhisnextflight.C、Stayingwithhisparentsfortheweekend.D、Visitinganoldsch
Publicdistrustofscientistsstemsinpartfromtheblurringofboundariesbetweenscienceandtechnology,betweendiscoveryan
FormostthinkerssincetheGreekphilosophers,itwasself-evidentthatthereissomethingcalledhumannature,somethingthat
Lichens,probablythehardiestofallplants,livewherevirtuallynothingelsecan—notjustonruggedmountainpeaksbutalsoo
Whyshouldmankindexplorespace?Perhapsthebestreasonforexploringspaceisourbuilt-in【B1】______predispositiontoexpand
TheChicagoGSBM.B.A.ProgrammerforExecutivesisscheduledtobecompletedwithin______.IfyouareinMalaysia,whenis
Intheauthor’sopinion,theprolongationoflifeisequaltoInthesecondparagraphacomparisonisdrawnbetween
GlobalwarmingmeansthatUSfarmsarelikelytoincreaseproductionofsoybeans,cotton,sorghumandorangesduringthecoming
随机试题
目前常用的腹部探头的层厚分辨力是
A.成人型多囊肾B.婴儿型多囊肾C.髓质海绵肾D.单纯性肾囊肿E.获得性肾囊肿病长期血液透析病人的肾囊肿病属于
A.通过改变CO2的排出量调节血浆碳酸浓度B.通过中枢化学感受器调节酸碱平衡C.通过排泄固定酸和维持NAHCO3的浓度对酸碱平衡进行调节D.通过血红蛋白系统对酸碱平衡进行调节E.通过调节NA2HP04和NAH2PO4的平衡对
下列表述中属于施工平行发承包模式特点的有()。
空运时,国际货物托运单应由()填具。
申请发行境内上市外资股以募集方式设立的公司,应当符合()。
如图所示,A、B两物块的质量分别为2m和m,静止叠放在水平地面上。A、B间的动摩擦—因数为μ,B与地面间的动摩擦因数为。最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力,重力加速度为g。现对A施加一水平拉力F,则①当F<2μmg时,A、B都相对地面静止。②当F=μg。③当F>3
2013年以来,以“××宝”为代表的互联网金融快速发展。目前,互联网金融年化收益率一般为5.0%,而银行一年期存款利率为3.3%,活期存款利率为O.35%。巨大的利差让网民用鼠标投票,开始了银行存款的“搬家”。与任何新生事物一样,互联网金融一方面赢得了鲜花
一个校园网主干网有4台Catelyst6500核心交换机SW1~SW4,它们的优先级值依次为8192、24576、20480和16384,要将SW4作为根交换机,SW4优先级的正确配置是()。
已知枚举类型声明语句为:enumCOLOR{WHITE,YELLOW,GREEN=5,RED,BLACK=10};则下列说法中错误的是()。
最新回复
(
0
)