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  3. Dare to Dream Our dreams may affect our lives (and vice versa) more than we ever realized, says groundbreaking new research.

Dare to Dream Our dreams may affect our lives (and vice versa) more than we ever realized, says groundbreaking new research.

admin2009-09-12  121
问题                                                 Dare to Dream
   Our dreams may affect our lives (and vice versa) more than we ever realized, says groundbreaking new research. For 11 years, a 58-year-old anthropologist (人类学家) kept a journal of nearly 5,000 dreams. By analyzing color patterns in the dreams, Arizona-based researcher Robert Hoss could accurately predict certain things about the man’s emotional state. Hoss correctly identified two separate years when the man experienced crises in his life.  The anthropologist confirmed that in 1997 he clashed with a colleague over a management issue, and in 2003 he had a falling-out with a friend that left deep emotional scars.
   Hoss is among a growing group of researchers who, thanks to advanced psychoiogical research and cutting-edge medical technology, are beginning to reveal the secrets .hidden in our dreams and the role dreaming plays in our lives. A look at some of their latest discoveries can give us new insights into the language of dreams and help us make the most of our time asleep.
   Why Do We Dream?
   Dreams are a way for the subconscious to communicate with the conscious mind. Dreaming of something you are worried about, researchers say, is the brain’s way of helping you get prepared for a disaster in case it occurs. Dreaming of a challenge, for example, giving a presentation at work or playing sports, can enhance your performance. And cognitive (认知的) neuroscientists have discovered that dreams and the rapid eye movement (REM) that happens while you are dreaming are linked to our ability to learn and remember.
   Dreaming is a "mood regulatory system," says Dr. Cartwright, chairman of the psychology department at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. She has found that dreams help people work through the day’s emotional ups and downs. It’s like having a built-in therapist. While we sleep, dreams compare new emotional experience to old memories. As she puts it, "you may wake up and think, ’what was uncle Harry doing in my dream? I haven’t seen him for 50 years.’ But the old and new images are emotionally related." It’s the job of the conscious mind to figure out the relationship.
   In fact, dream emotions car help real therapists treat patients undergoing traumatic (创伤性的) life events. In a new study of 30 recently divorced adults, Cartwright tracked their dreams over a 5-month period, measuring their feelings toward their ex-spouses. She discovered that those who were angriest at the spouse while dreaming had the best chance of successfully coping with divorce. If their dreams were calm, they hadn’t started to work through their emotions and deal with the divorce. For therapists, this finding will help determine whether divorced men or women need counseling or have already dreamed their troubles away.
   One Interpretation Doesn’t Fit All
   No device lets researchers read the content of dreams while we sleep, but scientists are finding new ways to interpret once we have awakened. Forget Sigmund Freud’s notion that dreams contain images with universal meanings for all his undeniable authority in the field of dream interpretation. A new generation of psychologists insists that dream symbols differ depending on the dreamer. In a recent study, Joseph Koninck, a psychology professor at the University of Ottawa in Canada, asked 13 volunteers to make two fists: one of details recalled from recent dreams, and another of recent events in their waking fives. When analysts were asked to match which volunteer experienced which dream, they failed. Koninck’s conclusion: Each person understands his or her dreams better than anyone else -- including traditional psychoanalysts.
   "There’s just no evidence of universal dream symbols," says Koninck. "My advice is to throw away your dream dictionary if you really want to interpret your dreams."
   Your Brain on Dreams
   A century after the Freud era, scientists are only now decoding the biology of how we manufacture dreams. At the Sleep Research Program at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Dr. Nofzinger "looks into" the brains of sleeping subjects using PET scans normally employed to detect cancer and other diseases. By injecting subjects with a mildly radioactive substance, he has traced the source of the brain that controls emotions. During dreaming, the limbic system explodes like fireworks with neural (神经的) activity, filling our dreams with drama.
   "That’s why so many dreams are about emotional states," says Nofzinger, "where we are running from danger or facing an anxious situation. The part of the brain that controls dreams also manages our instincts, drives, sexual behavior and fight-or-flight response." That’s why dreams are often strange combinations of events and people.
   Decoding the Meanings
   Today, psychologists are applying modem technology to probe the content of dreams. Hoss uses a computer-based approach called content analysis to interpret the colors in dreams. More than 80 percent of people dream in color, he says, though only a quarter of them recall the shades the next morning. To collect data, he analyzed nearly 24,000 dreams, catalogued in two databases. His study suggested that specific colors represent particular emotions. For example, red means action, excitement and desire; blue equals calmness and harmony; black hints fear, anxiety and intimidation.
   The clues are in the colors. Hoss has been trying to determine the emotional states of a dreamer based on his/her dream colors. But, as with symbols and action, one size doesn’t fit all when it comes to interpretation. Using color is your brain’s way of painting dreams with your emotion, and different people have different ways of using color.
   What Dreams Can Do for You
   Psychologists have long known that people can solve their problems at work and home by "sleeping on it". The challenge has always been to train yourself to dream up the solutions. Dr. Barret, editor of the journal Dreaming, advises individuals to consider questions just before falling asleep (Should I take this job? Should I marry this guy?), and then let the subconscious provide the answers. "I’ve known artists looking for inspiration who simply dream up a future show of their art and wake up with plenty of new painting ideas," says Barrett. "More and more people are learning these techniques to control their dreams."
   Some researchers believe you can guide your dreams while you are sleeping. In recent years, Stephen La Berge, PhD, has pioneered a way of directing the sleeping mind through "lucid dreaming", in which a sleeping person realizes he/she is dreaming while it is happening. Lucid dreamers can experience fantasy adventures -- like flying to the moon, traveling through time or making love on a beach -- while fully aware that they are dreaming.
   According to La Berge, lucid dreamers can use the experience for a variety of purpose: problem solving, developing creative ideas and healing. Patricia Keelin, a 55-year-old photographer has used lucid dreaming for everything from talking to her long-dead father to feasting on sweets. "Chocolate always tastes better in lucid dreams since you don’t have to worry about calories," she says, "Lucid dreaming is great and exciting, because it’s free and ’available to everybody."
   Well, not entirely free. Although everyone has the potential to dream lucidly, it rarely happens routinely without special training. Instructional workshops are needed to help individuals participate in their dreams. If you have repeating nightmares that make it difficult to sleep, try to change the endings. Once you awaken from a bad dream, imagine a change in the action to create a more positive outcome. If you are trapped, try to fly. In you dream, you can do what you want.
   Indeed, your dreams are like private movies where you are the star, director and writer all at once. And as the latest research indicates, you are also the most insightful movie critic. The best interpreter of your dreams is you.
选项 A、Y
B、N
C、NG
答案A
解析 参见“Why Do We Dream?”部分第一段第一句。
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